Brahm Sutra 1.1.1 part 1

Some previous articles which may be helpful to study prior to Brahm-Sutras:

  1. Philosophies of India
  2. Is Vedas mutually contradictory?
  3. Advait, Dvait and Vishishtadvait
  4. तत्त्व त्रय (सारांश)
  5. अर्थ-पंचक , श्री वैष्णव संप्रदाय का आधार

Sri Ramanuja has bequeathed three works on the Brahma-Sutra: the Vedanta-Sara, Vedanta-Dipa, and the Sri-Bhashya. The first work merely enunciates the meaning of the Sutras. The second goes beyond this summary of conclusions and indicates the dialectical framework. The third is the fullest and all-sufficient commentary. Pious tradition records that the Goddess Sarasvati was so charmed by it that she blessed it with the prefix ‘Sri’. He did advance his special philosophical point of view in his early work, the Vedarthasangraha in a brilliant and spirited manner.

In his Mangala sloka in Sri Bhashya, the great Vaishnava acharya Sri Ramanuja declares in no uncertain terms the resplendent glory of Lord Sriman Narayana.

अखिल भुवन जन्म स्थेम भङ्गादि लीले
विनत विविध भुत व्रात रक्षैक दिक्षे |
श्रुति शिरसि विदीप्ते ब्रह्मणि श्रीनिवासे
भवतु मम परस्मिन् शेमुषि भक्ति रूपा ||

May my intellect assume the form of Bhakti in Srinivasa, the highest Reality, revealed in the Vedanta as the Lord who creates, protects and destroys the whole universe with sportive ease and who has taken a vow to protects all creatures who seek him.


अखिल भुवन जन्म स्थेम भङ्गादि लीले 

The Supreme Brahman, as a matter of play /recreation / fun is involved in the creation, sustenance and dissolution of the all Universes.

विनत विविध भुत व्रात रक्षैक दिक्षे |

The Supreme Brahman, has taken up a unique and singular vow to protect all types of beings who surrender unto him.

श्रुति शिरसि विदीप्ते ब्रह्मणि श्रीनिवासे

The Supreme Brahman, is well explained by all the Upanishads is the residing place of Sri. i.e. Brahman is that who is the husband of Sri (Mahalakshmi).

भवतु मम परस्मिन् शेमुषि भक्ति रूपा ||

May he shower ‘shemushi bhakti’ to me.

2nd Mangal Shloka of Sri-Bhasya

2nd mangal shloka.JPG

Meaning:  Let all the beings in this earth consume the nectar which is in the form of the words of Sage Badarayana (son of Sage Parashara).  This Nectar is obtained by the churning of the Milky Ocean namely the Upanishads and well protected by Purv-Acharyas. Now it is to be re-distributed to the world by me.

NOTE:

Ramanuj Proudly proclaims that he is not postulating any new concept or his own philosophy. The Vishishtadvait doctrine can be traced back to time immemorial. Bhagwat Bodhyayan (desciple of Ved-Vyaas), wrote commentry on Vedant-sutra after Ved-Vyaas compiled it. He is just re-destributing it.

 

2nd mangal shloka.JPG

 

In the introduction to Sri Bhashya, Sri Ramanuja says:  

Bhagavad Bhodayana kritam vistirnam Brahma-sutra – vrttim purvacharyah samskipuhtan-mata-anusarena sutraksarani vyakhyasyante

‘The previous Masters have abridged (purvacharyah samskipuh) the detailed commentary on Brahma sutra which had been composed by Bhagavad Bodhayana (Bhagavad Bhodayana kritam vistirnam Brahma-sutra – vrttim). The words of the Sutra will be explained (sutraksarani vyakhyasyante) in accordance with their views and traditions (tan-mata-anusarena).

 

भगवद-बोधायन-टङ्क-द्रमिड-गुहदेव-कपर्दि-भारुचि-प्रभृत्यविगीत- शिष्टपरिगृहीत-पुरातनवेदवेदान्त-व्याख्यान- सुव्यक्तार्थ-श्रुतिनिकरनिदर्शितो ‘यं पन्थाः । — Vedarthasangraha, par. 130.

Bhagavad Bodhayana- Tanaka- Dramida- Guhadeva- Kapardi – Baruchi – prabhrty- avigita-sista- parigrahita-puratana – Veda-Vedanta- vyakhyana-suvyaktar-thasrutinikaranidarshito-yam- panthah I

This path is declared in many Srutis, whose meaning has been made very clear by the ancient commentators on Veda and Vedanta, accepted by Masters such as Bhagavad Bodhayana- Tanaka- Dramida- Guhadeva- Kapardi – Baruchi.

Comparing with the introduction by Aadi-Shankar

“यथा च अयमअर्थो वेदान्तानां तथा वयंस्यां शारीरकमीमांसायां प्रदशानयष्यामैः”

contrast

Mangal Shloka of Vedarth-Sangrah:

अशेष चिदचिद् वस्तु शेषिणे शेषशायिने ।

निर्मलानन्त कल्याण निधये विष्णवे नमः ।।

I offer adoration to Vishnu, the all-pervading Supreme Being, who is the overlord of all
sentient and non-sentient entities, who reposes on the primordial Shesa, who is pure
and infinite and in whom abound blissful perfections.

Lord Viṣṇu is the Brahman and he is characterized in three ways:

[i] aśeṣa-ciḍ-acid-vastu-śeṣin

He is the Master of all entities, without exception. all sentient and non-sentient entities are subordinate to a Higher Principle. Hence, they are called śeṣabhūtas or mastered-beings. The Independent One who masters them to suit His purpose is called śeṣī.

[ii] śeṣaśāyin

He reclines on Ādiśeṣa, the divine serpent. Ādiśeṣa

iii] nirmalānanta-kalyāṇa-nidhiḥ

Lord Viṣṇu is the possessor of pure and endless auspiciousness. He is not devoid of qualities but home of infinite divine qualities. He is blemishless i.e. devoid of any bad qualities.

Mangal Shloka of Vedant-Saaram

vedat saram

Brahman has for his body all the sentient and insentient beings. The jeevatma and prakriti is inseparable from Brahman and associated in Sharir-aatma bhaav. Brahman being the universal aatman and Chit-Achit being his body.

शरीर-आत्मा भाव, घटक श्रुति

bhed Abhed and Ghatak shruti

Brahman is

  1. Ananat Kalyaan Gunaakar: Ocean of infinite divine qualities/attributes
  2. Akhil hey Pratyanik: Devoid of any bad/material attributes.

1st Sutra

1.1.1

Then, Therefore, inquire into Brahman.

Brahman is derived from the root word- “Brih” which means “great or massive”

Bruhyati Brahmyati iti brahma: One who is giant/ great and makes everyone approaching him equally massive/ great is Brahman.

ब्रह्मशब्देन च स्वभावतः निरस्तनिखिलदोषः अनधिकाशय असंख्येयकल्याणगुणगणः पुरुषोत्तमो अभिधीयते

Thus Brahman primordially denotes that supreme person who is abode of all auspicious qualities to an infinite degree and is free from all the worldly taints.

Akaar-artho vishnuh: Akaar represents Vishnu. (aksharanaam akaaro asmi (BG 10th chap)). Ramanuj starting his commentry with A-kaar has great significance.

 

Steps involved in a person starting to study Vedanta
(in an ideal situation or as it existed in those days)
(According to Bhagavan Ramanuja)

Capture.JPGStep 1:
A person should engage in the study of Vedas as per the Vedic Injunction 
Step 2:
As soon as he memorizes the text of the Vedas, he will, automatically / by instinct try to understand the Meaning of the Vedic texts
Step 3:
As ordained in the Vedic texts, he engages in Vedic rituals that give him worldly fruits like progeny, prosperity etc.
Step 4:
In due course, he realizes that these worldly fruits give momentary happiness; such happiness is also relatively of an ordinary nature
Step 5:
He then begins to enquire into the Upanishadic texts that speak about a state where there is unalloyed happiness / bliss that is also permanent, which is attained by the knowledge of the Supreme Brahman. Having belief in the same, he starts to study Vedanta.

 

Advait, Dvait and Vishishtadvait

In previous articles we talked about different philosophies (darshan) of India:

Philosophies of India

Are Vedas mutually contradictory? (Bhed Abhed and Ghatak shutis)

Now, let’s discuss various schools of Vedant-darshan and how they differ; as well how Ramanuj brought Samanvay to produce the most complete philosophy of all time.

Advait

Advait Vedant was propounded by Adi Shankaracharya and it puts emphasis on Abhed-Shruti.

Dvaita (द्वैत) = Duality,
A + Dvaita (अ + द्वैत)=Advaita = not- duality

Advait describes that there is only one reality and one truth i.e. Brahman. All else is not real, not eternal and is of transient nature (Mithya, मिथ्या). Brahman is changeless, formless, indivisible, unchanging, immutable, beyond guna-s (attributes), beyond the reach of 5 senses, mind and beyond the realms of mAyA (माया).

मनसैवानुद्रष्टव्यं, नेह नानास्ति किंचन ।
मृत्योः स मृत्युमाप्नोति य इह नानेव पश्यति ॥ Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 4.4.19||

manasaivānudraṣṭavyaṃ, neha nānāsti kiṃcana |
mṛtyoḥ sa mṛtyumāpnoti ya iha nāneva paśyati || 19 ||

Meaning: There is no difference, whatsoever in It. He goes from death to death, who sees difference, as it were, in It.

ब्रह्म सत्यं जगन्मिथ्या जीवो ब्रहैव नापरः
brahma satyam jaganmithyA jIvo brahmaiva nAparah
Brahman (ब्रह्म, the Absolute) is alone real; this world is unreal; the Jiva or the individual soul is non-different from Brahman

  1. Brahman is attributeless i.e. bereft of any attributes. (Nirvishesh or Nirgun Brahm)
  2. Ishvar (SaguNa Brahman, सगुण ब्रह्म) is the product of maya.  Ishvara has 6 upAdhi-s (उपाधि, virtues) – overlordship, power, fame, riches, knowledge and freedom from being wanting (dispassion). UPAADHIS means limiting adjectives.
  3. The world is ‘vivart’ or apparently transformed through maya and is not real.
  4. Maya covers the real nature of Brahman (Aavaran-shakti) and make it appear as manifold (Vikshep-shakti).
  5. Jiva is all-prevading and identical with Brahman but it’s indivisualised with ‘upaadhi’ (a limiting adjunct) and reagards itself as ‘atomic’ and part of Brahman
  6. Knowledge is the only means for liberation. (वाक्यार्थ जनित ज्ञानं). Knowledge obtained from hearing, reasoning and meditating on texts likeतत्वमसि : That thou art -(Sama Veda, Chandogya Upanishad – 6.8.7)Meaning: That (Brahman) is you)
  7. Knowers of sagun Brahma goes through Brahma-loka (archiraadi maarg) from where they don’t return but attain Brahman at the end of cycle.
  8. The knowers of Nirgun Brahma attain it without having to go through the path of gods.
    1. In Advait, there are three levels of truth.  Three Levels of truths are – vyavahArika satya, prAtibhAsika satya and pAramArthika satya.
      VyavahArika Satya
      VyavahAra means day-to-day affairs. VyavahArika satya means that which is true or appears to be true in day-to-day life. In other words, it is practical reality.
      PrAtibhAsika Satya
      PrAtibhAsa means illusion or appearence. PrAtibhAsika satya is the truth which is only true in the dream state. This truth is within mind. During sleep, mind creates another world. Dream world is true for dreamer, but when one is awake, this world disappears without leaving any trace.
      PAramArthika Satya
      ParamArtha means absolute truth or highest truth. PAramArthika satya means that which remains truth in all states at all times. That which is present everywhere, without beginning or end. There is no abhAva or absence of pAramArthika satya. Hence it is called as absolute truth. Shruti says Brahman is absolute truth.
  9. In Vyavhaarik Satya; Bhed shrutis and Vedic texts describing attributes or gunas of Brahman are accepted; not in PAramArthika Satya.

E.g. Various phases of moon: Moon seems to be of different shapes each day but does it means that there are 15 different moons? At Vyavhaarika Satya level, 15 shapes of moon are there but at Parmarthik satya level, there is only one moon.

Vi chu

Meaning: As, when a jar is broken, the space enclosed by it becomes palpably the limitless space, so when the apparent limitations are destroyed, the knower of Brahman verily becomes Brahman Itself.

As milk poured into milk, oil into oil, and water into water, becomes united and
one with it, so the sage who has realised the Atman becomes one in the Atman.

Dvait

Dvait vedant was propounded by Sri Madhavacharya. Dvait Vedant is based on Bhed-shrutis.

Basic tenets of Acharya Madhwa’s teachings

shrI vyaasa thirtha has beautifully captured the essence of shrI MadhvAchArya’s philosophy in this verse
shrIman Madhva Mate harih paratarah Satyam Jagat Tattvato
bhinno jeeva ganaah, hareh anucharAh, nichochha bhavam
gatAh Muktih Naija sukhAnubhUtiramalA bhaktishcha tat
saadhanam Hi Aksyaadi tritayam pramaanam akhilam Amnaayaika
vedyo harih

  1. Vishnusarvottamativa – Supremacy of Lord Vishnu
  2. Vayujeevottamatva – Supremacy of Vayu among Jeevas
  3. The World is REAL (satya) and not illusory
  4. Panchabheda – Five fold distinction
  5. Bhakti (Devotion to God) is the sure route to God

 As per Dvait of Madhava, everything is completely different from each other. Tattvavâda follows the doctrine of pancha bheda

panch-bhed

— difference between

  1. God and the Souls,
  2. between the Souls,
  3. between God and Inert Matter,
  4. between the Souls and Inert Matter and
  5. between Inert Matter items themselves —

(Paramâtma-Jîva, Jîva-Jîva, Paramâtma and Jada, Jîva and Jada, and Jada and Jada.)

Mahâbhârata Tâtparya Nirnaya of Achârya Madhva (Chapter 1, Sarva Shâstrârtha Sangraha, shloka 71):

paJNchabhedA ime nityAH sarvavasthAsu sarvashaH | muktAnAM cha na hIyante tAratamyaM cha sarvadA ||

Gradation of aatmas, devtaas and Gradation of Aanandam

There is a gradual gradation among different souls called Taratamya. Every aatma is not eligible for mukti but only sattvika aatma or devas are. For them, Putana and Shishupal didn’t attain liberation and were sent to naraka or hell.

He divides souls into three classes. One class of souls, mukti-yogyas, qualifies for liberation, another, the nitya-samsarins, subject to eternal rebirth or eternal transmigration and a third class, tamo-yogyas, who are condemned to eternal hell (andhatamasa).[11]

Following is the hierarchy of Taratamya Devataas:

  1. Paramathma, Hari Vishnu (Sarvottama; Purusha)
  2. Rama Devi, Mahalakshmi (Avyaka Tatva; Mula prakruti)
  3. Brahma and Vayu (mahatatva)
  4. Saraswathi or Brahma Pathni and Bharathi or Vayu Pathni (Mahadavyaktha)
  5. Garuda, Shesha and Rudra (Ahankara Tatva)
  6. Krishna’s shanmahishi’s: Nila, Bhadra, Mitra Ninda, Kalandi, Lakshna, Jambavathi, tulasi
  7. Swuparni or Garuda Pathni, Varuni or Shesha Pathni and Parvathi or Rudra Pathni
  8. Indra and Kama (manaswathva)
  9. Ahamkarika Prana (Tyjasahamkara, Tvagindriya)
  10. Daksha (Panindriya), Anirudda and Kamaputra, Rathi and Kamapathni, Swayumbhuva Manu (Upastheindriya) Bruhaspathi (shabda), shachi and Indra pathni
  11. Pravahavayu (Vayutatva, Bhutavayu)
  12. Surya (Chakshurindriya), Shataroopa or Swayambhuva Manupathni, Chandra (Shotendriya) and Yama
  13. Varuna (Aaptatva, Rasanendriya)
  14. Narada
  15. Prasoothadevi, Bhrugu and Pradhnagni (Vagindriya, Tejotatva)
  16. Sapta Rishi’s, Prahlada and Vyvaswathamanu
  17. Mitra, Pravahidevi and Tara : Bruhaspathi’s wives and NiR^ti who is Rakshadinatha
  18. Vishyaksena, Ashwini Devataas (Pranenindriya), Ganapathi(Akasha Tatva) Kubera and Shata Devataas.

In the utmost sense all names point to Him. Brahman, Vishnu, Narayana etc are some of his important names.

Their philosophy of aanand-tartamya i.e. gradation of Aanandam in mukta-state doesn’t find support from Scriptures.

Vishistadvait 

Vishistadvait (विशिष्टाद्वैत)= Vishisht (Qualified)+ Advait (विशिष्ट +अद्वैत).

What’s ‘Vishist’ in Vishishtadvait?

Ans: (Guna, Vigrah, vibhuti )

vishistadvait and advaitvishishtadvaitvishisht Brahman

  1. Brahman is not attributeless but essentially personal God and possessing infinite personal attributes.
  2. ‘Mithya doctrine’ is not accepted. World is real and produced by Brahman
  3. Jiva is really atomic and produced by Brahman
  4. There is no distinction between Ishwar (sagun Brahm) and Nirgun Brahm (devoid of bad-attributes); since there is no any higher knowledge or lower knowledge of Brahman
  5. Bhakti is the chief means to liberation.
  6. The world and the aatmas are inseparable attribute of Brahman – aprithak Siddhi Visheshan
  7. The world, aatma one hand and Brahman on another hand can be integrated into Organic whole. i.e. Brahman is qualified or Vishisht by (world and jeevatmas). Thus there is only one tattva i.e. Vishisht-Brahman (Brahman qualified by chit and achit). Thus this philosophy is called Vishist-advait.

What the Advaitins say about these seemingly contradictory Vedic passages:

Only those passages that propound the identicalness of the Supreme Soul and Individual Soul are to be considered as prominent”. The reasons:

  1. The concept of Vidhi (Purovada)
  2. The concept of Anuvada
  3. Anuvada sentences having less prominence than the Purovada sentences
  4. Hence the prominence of passages that propound the identicalness of the Supreme Soul and Individual Soul

Purv Mimansha 6.5.54

Bteween two contradictory expiatory injunctions, a later one is of greater force and sublates the earlier one.

What the Dvaitins say about these seemingly contradictory Vedic passages

Only those passages that propound the distinction of the Supreme Soul and Individual Soul are to be considered as prominent”. The reasons:

  1. Even the Vedas will not say something that is totally contradictory to popular cognition.
  2. Two totally different  entities cannot become one under any circumstances
  3. Those passages that propound the non-distinction of the Supreme Soul and Individual Soul are to be considered as ‘Gauna’ – the implied meaning is to be taken into account rather than the literal meaning.
  4. Hence the prominence of passages that propound the distinction of the Supreme Soul and Individual Soul

How Sri Ramanujacharya reconciled these apparently contradictory Vedic Passages and arrived at a Universal philosophy:

  1. Ramanujacharya felt, “we should not give our own solutions to resolve these apparent differences. We should look into the Upanishads themselves and find out an authentic solution”
  2. Each and every verse of Vedas are equally sacred. No any verse is greater or lesser than another verse. There is no contradictions in Vedas.
  3. Evolving the concept of ‘Ghataka shruti’ evolved by Sri Ramanujacharya
  4. The manner in which the ‘Ghataka shruti-s’ resolve the contradictions in an amicable manner without sacrificing the authenticity or sanctity of the Upanishadic passages.

 

Satyam Gyanam Ananatam Brahm (tat.3.1)

As per Advait, Existence, knowledge and bliss itself is Brahman. Brahman is not any personal being. If knowledge and bliss is to taken as attributes than there would be lot of contradictory attributes and thus more than one Brahman.

Refutation:

One object is qualified by different attributes. Tattriya Upanishad (3.1) doesn’t define Brahman to be attribute-less. The three terms are in co-ordination and denotes three attributes of Brahman.

neelah ghatah

Nirgun Brahm meaning

यत्तदद्रेश्यमग्राह्यमगोत्रमवर्णमचक्षुःश्रोत्रं तदपाणिपादम् ।
नित्यं विभुं सर्वगतं सुसूक्ष्मं तदव्ययं यद्भूतयोनिं परिपश्यन्ति धीराः ॥ Mundak Upanishad 1.1.6

yattadadreśyamagrāhyamagotramavarṇamacakṣuḥśrotraṃ tadapāṇipādam |
nityaṃ vibhuṃ sarvagataṃ susūkṣmaṃ tadavyayaṃ yadbhūtayoniṃ paripaśyanti dhīrāḥ || 6 ||

Meaning: That which is not perceived, not grasped, without origin, colourless, without eyes or ears, or hand or feets. That which is eternal, yet of manifold expressions, all-prevading, extremly subtle and undecaying. He is the source of all creation. Wise behold everywhere.

ब्रह्मशब्देन च स्वभावतः निरस्तनिखिलदोषः अनधिकाशय असंख्येयकल्याणगुणगणः पुरुषोत्तमो अभिधीयते (श्रीभाष्य)।

First half denies all evil qualities in Brahman and in latter half ascribes to it all the auspicious qualities. It doesn’t depend upon organs for knowledge and actions. 

sagun brahmsagun brahm2

 

That Brahman is a knowing subject is known from the texts

(Chhandogya 6.3.2): seyaṃ devatemāstisro devatā anenaiva

It thought…

(Aittriya 1.1.1)

आत्मा वा इदमेक एवाग्र आसीत्। नान्यत् किंचन मिषत्। स ईक्षत लोकान्नु सृजा इति।।1.1.1।।

Meaning: In the beginning (all) this was verily the Atman alone. There was nothing else active. It willed, let me project the world.

(Shvetaswar 6.8).

न तस्य कार्यं करणं च विद्यते न तत्समश्चाभ्यधिकश्च दृश्यते।
परास्य शक्तिर्विविधैव श्रूयते स्वाभाविकी ज्ञानबलक्रिया च।।

Meaning: His high power is revealed as manifold, forming his essential nature which is knowledge, strength and action.

tattriya Upanishad 2.9 

यतो वाचो निवर्तन्ते। अप्राप्य मनसा सह। आनन्दं ब्रह्मणो विद्वान्। न बिभेति कुतश्चनेति

Meaning: “One who knows the bliss of the Brahman, from which all mind and speech turns away without reaching it”

In Bhagwat Gita, 7.6-7; 9.4-5; 10.3; 10.42; 15.17-18

In Vishnu Puran: 1.2.10-14; 1.12.53; 6.5.82-87; 6.7.69-71

Means of salvation:

upaasana stepsupaasana steps2upaasana

This kind of constant remembrance is called Bhakti i.e. devout worship.

स्नेहपूर्वं अवधारयेत भक्ति

Loving meditation or Remembrace of the object meditated upon like a continuous stream of oil, tipping into a container.dhyan.JPG

Aatma is both Knowledge personified as well as Knower

aatman is knowledge itself by nature called DHARMI GYAAN. Aatman possess knowledge as well which helps it to understand the surrounding and realize it’s essential nature i.e. Knowledge (Gyanam). The attributive knowldge is called DHARM GYAAN.

dharmbhut gyaanam.JPG

References:

  1. Ramanuj.org Sribhasyam class and ppt
  2. Sribhasya translation by Swami Vireswaranand

Satyabhama-Krishna Story

One sweet day, Govinda was sleeping in satyabhama’s bedroom. Satyabhama was looking at the beauty of Madan Mohan..Quite enchanted, she was not getting sleep. She went into old thoughts..How much Krishna loved her!! He brought Paarijaat tree and defeated Indra. She was even honoured to accompany Krishna in battlefield. Who else in the world have such a husband with broad, enchanting, lotus like eyes, curly hairs, shyamal moon-like face and Sun like radiance.

32130495_1540892682676685_7333259717042503680_n (1)

While Satyahama was having goosebumps of her thoughts, she suddenly noticed Krishna murmuring something in his dreams.


“Neele! tav nayane smaraami..satatm.”

(Nila!! I remember ur eyes)

 

What?? Krishna was remembering someone else in his dreams?

 

Madhre! tav vachanam smaraami..satatam”

(Mudhra!! I ever remember your voice)

 

Who is Neela and Madhura?? May be next time he calls my name.

 

Kamale!! tav adhare smaraami satatam

(kamala! ….)

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That’s too much..Ohh Lord!! Who can more unfortunate than me? Sleeping in my bedroom, he is remembering other girls. Not even once he called my name. What a fool I am, who considered that Krishna love me the most. Heartbroken.. She waked Krishna of his dreams.
Krishna woke up and Satyabhama played the video-recording infront of him. Krishna was clueless. He was caught red-handed. Satyabhama was about to weep when Krishna intervened.
“Priye listen to me..I love only you.”
“Then who are Nila, Madhura and Kamala”?
“Ohh satyabhama!! These are not names but adjectives. You are nila-nayane (blue-eyed), Madhur-vachane (sweet-voiced) and kamal-adhare (lotus-lips).
All the time I think of none but you. See, even in dreams, I remember you.
Satyabhama blushed. She got tears of love. Krishna wiped off her tears and thus husband and wife giggled.

Such are the glorious pastimes of bhu-devi and Perumal.

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Is Vedas mutually contradictory?

Bhed Abhed and Ghatak shrutis:

For the sake of study, Vedas are divided into two parts- Purva-bhaag and Uttar bhag. “Purva-bhaag” deals about karma-kand, Upaasana and rituals while “Uttar-bhaag” also called “Vedant” deals about Knowledge of Brahman. Rituals performed with knowledge leads to Sriman Narayana. So, both parts are equally important.

It’s said that, “विद्वान विपश्यते दोषज्ञः”| (Two vidwans would never agree to each other.)

Also, “शास्त्र ज्ञानं बहु क्लेशं”| Study of Shastras is extremely painful since they seems to contradict each other. So, Mundaka Upanishad(1.2.12-13) says-“  “’ One should a approach a guru witch tranquil mind and restrained senses”. The guru should be

  1. Shrotiyam: learned in Vedas from up to the end.
  2. Brahmnishtham: who have apprehended the true nature of Brahman.

There are mainly three schools of Vedantic studies- Advait, Dvait and Vishishtadvait. While Advait talks about complete ‘oneness’; Dvait talks about complete ‘difference’.

Adhikaari-Bheda

There is no room for contradiction in Vedas. Each and every shloka of Vedas are sacred and equally important. Not any one part of Vedas can be taken and said to be superior to other.

Adhikaari-bheda means differences arising from the levels of interpretations by the readers. While Vedas seems to be mutually contradicting, they give non-contradictory message actually. Abhed shruti talks about one-ness of Jeevatma and Parmatma while Bhed Shruti talks about difference between Jeevatma and Parmatma.  Are Vedas mutually contradicting? No, Vedas themselves provides the solution in form of Ghatak-Shruti which combines both Abhed-Shruti and Bhed-Shruti. That’s the contribution of Sri Ramanuja to Vedant philosophy. When Ramanuj arrived in the scene, there was utter darkness all around. He appeared like a becon-light in the dark-phase.

How can so many interpretations of Vedas be possible? Vedas too seems to advocate different things at different places. Ramanuja at the end of his magnum opus ‘Sri Bhasyam’ says – “iti sarvam samanjasam” which means “now everything is reconciled.” No any other commentators have dared to write so. How did he reconciled the differences? Let’s have a look.

Vedas comprises of 3 different types of texts.

  1. Bhed shruti: Which talks about difference between Jeevatma and Parmatma.
  2. Abhed Shruti: Which talks about oneness of Jeevatma and Parmatma.
  3. Ghatak Shrutis: One may think that Vedas have enough confused the people. Vedas themselves provides the solution. Ghatak shrutis connects both the abhed and bhed shrutis so that no contradiction remains.

 

Article in Hindi: शरीर-आत्मा भाव, घटक श्रुति

  1. Abhed shruti:

Abheda Shruthis states that the universe (all chit and achit entities) and the Brahman are one and the same. They seem to convey the identity of the universe, jeevatma and the Brahman (Parmatma).

 

  1. sarvam Khalvam idam Brahm. (All this is Brahman.) Chandogya Upanishad (III.14.1.)
  2. tat tvam asi. (You are that (Brahman)). Chandogya Upanishad (6.8.7.)
  3. Ayam Atma Brahma (This Atman is Brahman): Mandukya Upanishad (1.2) of the Atharva Veda.
  4. Aham brahmasmi (I am Brahman) (Brihadaranyaka Upanishad I.iv.10)

2. Bhed Shruti:

 

The Bheda Sruthis seems to categorically declare the difference between the Brahman and the universe.

When the Vedas make statements like, “A is the creator of B,” “A is the supporter of B,” “A is that into which B is absorbed at the end of its life,” “A pervades B,” “A is the indweller of B,” etc, then it logically follows that A and B are two different entities. Related, certainly. Inseparable, certainly. But still distinct.

e.g.,

  1. bhokta bhogyam preritaram cha matwa sarvam proktam trividham brahmametat ‘ (Shvetaashwara Upanishad -1/12)

// भोक्ता भोग्यं प्रेरितारं च मत्वासर्वं प्रोक्तं त्रिविधं ब्रह्ममेतत् ॥//

(bhokta (enjoyer) is Jeevatma, bhogyam (enjoyed) is Prakriti and Prerita (controller) is Brahman. All three are the forms of Brahman. [translated by  Harikrishnadas Goenka]

  1. पृथगात्मानं प्रेरितारं च मत्वा जुष्टस्ततस्तेनामृतत्वमेति ॥” (Shvetaashwara Upanishad -1/6)

Meaning: (By knowing the individual self and the impeller to be different, he, being blessed by him, attains immortality.) [translated by M. B. Narsimha Ayyangar)

  1. नित्योऽनित्यानां चेतनश्चेतनानाम् एको बहूनां यो विदधाति कामान् ।

तमात्मस्थं येऽनुपश्यन्ति धीराः तेषां शान्तिः शाश्वती नेतरेषाम् ॥ Kathopanishad. 5.13

Meaning: “Who so among the intelligent realize the Self in the (inner space of the) heart as the eternal among the ephemeral, the consciousness among the conscious, who, though one, dispenses the desired objects to many, to them belongs eternal peace, not to others.” (Kaṭha Upaniṣad 5.13) [translated by Vidyavachaspati V. Panoli]

 

  1. नित्यो नित्यानां चेतनश्चेतनानामेको बहूनां यो विदधाति कामान् ।

तत्कारणं सांख्ययोगाधिगम्यं ज्ञात्वा देवं मुच्यते सर्वपाशैः ॥Shvetaswar Upanishad. 6.13

Meaning: “He is the eternal among the eternal and the intelligent among all that are intelligent. Though one, He grants the desires of the many. One is released from all fetters on realizing Him, the cause of all, who is comprehensible through philosophy and religious discipline.” (Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad 6.13) [translated by Swami Tyagisananda]

 

  1. क्षरं प्रधानममृताक्षरम हरः क्षरत्मानाविशते देव एकः।। (Shvetaswar Upanishad 1.80)

Meaning: The perishable is Prakrti; the immortal and imperishable is Hara (the individual self); and the Lord alone rules over both the perishable Prakrti and the imperishable individual self’ [ Translated by By Swami Adidevananda]

  1. क्षरं त्वविद्या ह्यमृतं तु विद्या विद्याविद्ये ईशते यस्तु सोऽन्यः।।5.1.1।।(Shvetaswar Upanishad 5.1)

Meaning: The indestructible is the Avidya (Karma) and the immortal is the Vidya (Knowledge) and He who commands them is distinct. [translated by M. B. Narsimha Ayyangar)

  1. द्वा सुपर्णा सयुजा सखाया समानं वृक्षं परिषस्वजाते।

तयोरन्यः पिप्पलं स्वाद्वत्त्यनश्नन्नन्यो अभिचाकशीति।। (Atharv-ved kand 9.14.20; Rig-Ved Mandal 1.164.20; Kathopanishad 1.3.1; Mundak Upanishad 3.1.1; Shvetaswar upanishad 4.1.6)

Meaning: The body is like Pippala plant, aatman and Parmatman is like two friend birds sitting on the tree. One of them eats the sweet pippala fruit and other shines in splendor without eating them at all. The fruits are like ‘karmaas’ which a jeevatma experiences while Patmatma just witness it, without being affected by Karma.

 

  1. यस्मात्क्षरमतीतोऽहमक्षरादपि चोत्तमः। अतोऽस्मि लोके वेदे च प्रथितः पुरुषोत्तमःGita 15. 18।।

Meaning: Inasmuch as I transcend the perishable (i.e., bound) Person of the aforesaid nature, and I am higher, for reasons stated earlier, than the imperishable Person or liberated self, therefore I am styled the Supreme Person in the Smrti and Srutis.

[ Translated by By Swami Adidevananda]

https://www.gitasupersite.iitk.ac.in/srimad?scram=1&setgb=1&etradi=1&&language=dv&field_chapter_value=15&field_nsutra_value=18

10. क्षेत्रज्ञं चापि मां विद्धि सर्वक्षेत्रेषु भारत। क्षेत्रक्षेत्रज्ञयोर्ज्ञानं यत्तज्ज्ञानं मतं मम।।Gita 13.3।।

Meanings: Know as Myself the Field-knower also who is the only form of the Knower in all the bodies like divinities, men etc., i.e., know them as ensouled by Me.

3. Ghatak Shruti:

Ghatak shruti joins Bhed and Abhed shrutis.

The Ghataka Sruthi declares that the Brahman is the inner controler (Antaryaamin – Aatma) present inside everyone. All chit and Achit entities are the body (Sareeram) of Brahman. This Sareera-atma Bhaavam (body-soul) relationship between the universe and the Brahman is conveyed by the “Ghataka Sruthi.”

Parashar Maharshi explains the ghatak shruti in Vishnu-Puran:

  1. VP 1.22.20: All these are produced from portion of Vishnu who appears as all beings.1.22.20
  2. VP 1.22.38: Whoever is created for its generation by an agent, it forms body of Hari.1.22.38.JPG
  3. VP 1.22.56: The fire remains in one place; but its light spreads all around. In this way, all the worlds are manifestations of the power of the Brahman.

1.22.56

Veda’s authority: (translations by Swami Gambhiranand and Swami Adidevanand)

  1. यः पृथिव्यां तिष्ठन्। पृथिव्या अन्तरो यं पृथिवी न वेद यस्य पृथिवी शरीरं यः पृथिवीमन्तरो यमयति स त आत्मान्तर्याम्यमृतः{Satpatha Brahman 14.6.7.[7]}
  2. य आत्मनि तिष्ठन् आत्मनोऽन्तरो यमात्मा न वेद यस्यात्मा शरीरं य आत्मानमन्तरो यमयति स त आत्मान्तर्याम्यमृतः – {Satpath Brahman 14.6.7.[30]}

Meaning: He who, dwelling in the self is within the self, whom the self does not know, whose body the self is, and who controls the self from within, He is your Inner Controller and Immortal Self’

  1. यः सर्वेषु भूतेषु तिष्ठन्सर्वेभ्यो भूतेभ्योऽन्तरो यं सर्वाणि भूतानि न विदुः। यस्य सर्वाणि भूतानि शरीरं यः सर्वाणि भूतायन्तरो यमयति। एष त आत्मान्तर्याम्यमृतः (BrihadaAranyak Upanishad 3।7।15)

Meaning: He who, dwelling in all beings, is within all beings, whom all beings do not know, whose body all beings are, who controls all beings from within, is your Inner Controller, immortal Self.

  1. एको वशी सर्वभूतान्तरात्मा एकं रूपं बहुधा यः करोति ।

         तमात्मस्थं येऽनुपश्यन्ति धीरास्तेषां सुखं शाश्वतं नेतरेषाम् ।।  Kathopanishad 2.2.12 ।।

Meaning: Eternal peace is for those – and not for others – who are discriminating and who realize in their hearts Him who – being one, the controller, and the inner Self of all – makes a single form multifarious.

 

  1. jagat Sarvam Sariram te (Ramayan. Yuddhakanda, 120:26)

Meaning: Whole Universe is your body.

 

  1. सर्वस्य चाहं हृदि सन्निविष्टो मत्तः स्मृतिर्ज्ञानमपोहनं च (Gita:15।15)
  2. ईश्वरः सर्वभूतानां हृद्देशोऽर्जुन तिष्ठति। भ्रामयन् सर्वभूतानि यन्त्रारूढानि मायया।। (Gita:18।61)
  3. न तदस्ति विना यत्स्यान्मया भूतं चराचरम्। (Gita: 10।39)

Meaning: Of all beings, in whatever condition they may exist, whether manifest or not, I alone am that state. Whatever host of beings are said to exist, they do not exist without Me as their Self. In the statement, ‘Nothing that moves or does not move exists without Me’, it is taught that the Lord exists as the Self, as said in the beginning: ‘I am the Self, seated in the hearts of all beings’ (10.20). The purport is that the entire host of beings in every state, is united with Me, their Self. By this He makes it clear that He, being the Self of all things, is the ground for His being denoted by everything in co-ordinate predication.

Other authorities are:

Chhandogya. (4.2.2-3);   Brihadaranyak (5.7.3); Mundak (3.1.1); Taittriya (11.6); Shwetaswar(1.12, 1.17, 1.25, 6.33); Aitriya Upanishad

 

The Pradhaana Prathitantram of Visistaadvaita

Sareera-Aatma Bhaava” otherwise called as “Sareera-Sareere Bhava” which is the “Body-Soul” relationship between the universe (all sentient (Chit/Jeeva) and insentient (Achit/non-living matter)) and the Brahman who is Lord Shreeman Naaraayana Paramaataman.

Ramanuja defines what ‘body’ means in his comment on Brahma-Sutras
2.1.9:

Any substance which a conscious soul is capable of completely controlling and upporting for its own purposes, and which stands to the soul in an entirely subordinate relation, is the body of that soul. Our body is completely under our control and we shape it and use it for our purposes. When the soul departs from a body, what remains is lifeless and soon starts to decay, and shortly thereafter it is clear it is not a body at all.

When we see a soul united to a body, we conventionally do not distinguish the two, and treat the two as indivisible parts.

In the same way, everything that exists is completely supported and controlled by the true Self, God. In this way, everything is said to be God’s body; without God nothing could conceivably exist. The other side of this coin is that if anything is to exist, God is inseparably associated with it as its Self, supporter, and controller.

Take an example:

When I say Hari, listen to me. whom am I calling?  body or aatman?

Ans: Body

Q: but body can’t respond

Ans: Aatma

Q: But, aatma don’t have name. Hari, this name doesn’t belong to Aatma.

Solution:

By calling bodily attributes like- O black haired girl, I am calling calling aatman who possess body. aatman and body are intimately attached. we call body but that is meant for aatman.
similarly, brahman is our aatman..residing inside the aatman. So, we becomes his body.
aatman and prakriti are inseparable from Brahman in Sharir-aatma bhaav.
when I say – You are brahman.
I am actualling adressing Brahman inside you i.e. aatman not you
aham brahmasmi–means I am body of Brahman. But, since I have him as my aatma, I am called Brahman. Bodily features are used to call Brahman.
similarly, when I say everything is Brahman it means Brahman is inside everyone
so, they are Brahman…since they are body of Brahman.
Is feathers of peacock different from peacock? Is it same as peacock?
when peacock closes it’s feathers, it’s like dissolution
and when she dances, it’s creation. 
Alvaar says that cloud is mahalkshmi and peacock is Narayan.
We are feathers. we expands i.e. gets body contracts after pralay and reamains in sukhsm form
We would come with a detailed article on Shareer-Aatma bhaav.

When the Gataka Sruthi is used to synchronize, the Abheda sruthi verses mean to tell that nothing other than the Brahman qualified by the universe as his body exists. In the same way when the Gataka sruthi verses are used to synchronize, the bheda sruthi verses mean to tell that the Brahman, who is the soul of the universe, is different from the universe, which is his body. Body and soul are different entities but they are inseparably related. The body is therefore called “Aprutak Sidha Visheshanam” meaning the body becomes the inseparable attribute of the soul. The term “Aprutak Sidha” rules out independent existence of the body. Without the soul, the body cannot have swaroopam. stiti and pravruiti. Also, the soul has not mode without the body and therefore the body called the mode (Prakaram) of the soul.

This relation is to be eternally and inseparably present between the soul and the body otherwise the concept itself is ruled out. For example, assume that a man is supporting an object say “pot”. Though he is the supporter and the pot is supported, the man cannot be the soul of the pot and the pot cannot be called as his body. This is because it is possible that the same pot can be supported by someone else (if he gives it to another person) or by something else say ground (if he keeps it on the ground). The inseparable eternal relation is not present here in this example.

Similarly in an example, a man controls his servant by his order. Though the man is the controller and his servant is controlled, the man cannot be called as the soul of the servant and the servant cannot be called as his body. This is because it is possible that someone else can control the same servant. The inseparable eternal relation is not present in this example also.

Follow another example where a man owns a land and gets benefits from it. Though the man is the owner of the land, enjoys the benefits from his land, and the land is owned and exists for the purpose of the man, the man cannot be called as the soul of the land and the land cannot be called as the body of the man. The inseparable eternal relation is not present in this example also, as another person can own the land if it is sold or seized.

http://sriramanujar.tripod.com/tutorial/5.html#pradhaana_paritantram

Philosophies of India

Non-Vedic systems:

Those who don’t believe in Vedas are said to be Nastikaas.Non-Vedic systems: Those who don’t believe in Vedas are said to be Nastikaas.

1. Chaarvaak: This philosophy believes in only that which is seen. They don’t believe in God or Karma.

Source of Knowledge: Sense Perception only.

Purusharth (Destination): Materialistic pleasure. Lazy people indulge in  rituals of Vedas, intelligent people enjoy their life.

2. Buddhism: Their philosophy is of ‘Shunya-vaad.’ Nothing is real. Nothing is created or born. All the external appearances are untrue. Nothing exist for more than a moment.
Source of Knowledge: Knowledge is not permanent but keeps changing. What was true a second before, is not true now.
Objection: I may say that Buddhist philosophy was true a second before, not now. If you say that there is nothing, then who is the observer to ensure that there is nothing? Certainly there is something that is not untrue, which observes the untrue.

3. Jainism: Jainism doesn’t believe in Vedas because as per them, Vedas encourage animal-sacrifices. They believe in ‘karma’ and ‘rebirth. Knowledge about life and happiness is hidden due to Karma.
Source of Knowledge: Whatever you see in front of your eyes didn’t really exist in past, neither in present, nor will be in future.
Purusharth (Destination): Those who clear their karmas, which keeps accumulating from birth to birth; one gets liberated, becomes Yog-Siddhas. Yog-Siddhas look after the world.

4. Agamas: Panchratra aagma has been proved to be Vedic in Vyas’s Vedant-sutra. Also, in Mahabharat and other purans, Panchratra is help to be strictly in accordance of Vedas. However, Pashupatha Agama runs counter to the authority of Vedas. ‘Paashupati deeksha’ renders anyone as Brahmin. Everyone is Shiva himself. There are 36 principles and Pashupati is the Paratatva in this system.

Authenticity of Panchratra

Vedic systems

Vedic System: Those who believe in Vedas are said to be Aastikaas.

1. Nyaay: Propounded by Akaashpaad Gautam. (not Buddha). Nyay means analytical investigation. However, don’t accept Brahman as soul cause of universe and inner soul of all.

Source of Knowledge:

a) Pratyaksha: direct perception with senses and mind.

b) Anumaan: Inference based Knowledge.

c) Shabd: Verbal testimony i.e. Vedas are given the highest place. Ex- If there is smoke, there must be fire.

d) Upamaan: Comparison.

2. Vaisheshik: Propounded by Sage Kanaad.  Acording to him, Akaash is eternal. Based on Atomic School. Combination of atom-size particles of ‘Panch-Bhutas’ give rise to materials in the universe. Deluge means all the compounded things return to their original size and state.Excepting the atman, all things are achetan (non-sentient).

Source of Knowledge:He promoted argumentative techniques and mode of cognition.

Destination: Jivas undergo karma and in any particular birth, owing to knowledge of the nature of universe, the aatman gets liberated.

3. Sankhya: Propounded by Sage Kapil. It is based on the school of enumeration. It enumerates 25 principles (Purusha) and 1 prakriti. Prakriti is the first cause of creation (seed matter) representing subject and object. The world was like this before and will continue to be so in future too. Karma has to be gone through to earn falam finally. The term for cosmic consciousness is ‘Mahat’.

Source of Knowledge:Pratyaksh, Anumaan and Shabd Pramaan.

Destination: Not to do things prohibited in Vedas and carry out daily chores to be able to enjoy heavenly pleasures.

4. Yoga: Propounded by Sage Patanjali. It is based on ‘Sankhya’ school of enumeration and Meta-Physics. The term for cosmic consciousness is ‘Chitta’.  There is no subtle body (mind, intelligence) but Purusha contracts or expands to lower or increased consciousness. Ishwara, included among males, is dependent on Prakriti  and responsible for creation and deluge. Doesn’t accept Brahman as sole cause of universe and inner soul of all.

Destination: This theory is based on 7 Chakras (Kundilini) or hidden energy in our body which lies at the base of the spine.

Meemansha Darshan

For the sake of comprehension and interpretation, Vedas have been divided into two parts- Purv-Meenasha and Uttar-Meemansha. There are 20 chapters in Meemansha darshan out of which 16 chapter lies in Karm-Kand or Purv-Meemansha and 4 lies in Brahm-Kand or Uttar-Meemansha.
5. Purv-Meemasha (Karm-Kaand): Meemansha means investigation or interpretation of Vedic injunctions. This section has been dealt by JAIMINI. It’s not much about philosophy but details of rituals and yagnas performed to to invoke devtaas or gods.

Destination: Aatnman is the subject to births and deaths due to ‘Karma’. Performance of Dharma or Karm-kand separates the aatman from mind and it goes to Brahm-Loka. There it remains till the end of the days and the end of the world.

6. Uttar-Meemasha (Gyaan-Kaand or Brahm-Kaand): It is also termed as Upanishads or Vedanta. It is dealt by Badraayan/ Ved-Vyaas in his Brahm-Sutra or Vedant-Sutra.

Which is the Object of Worship? ——- Upanishads.

What is worship?—————– Purv-Meemansha.

Both the Meemanshas, totaling 20 chapters form one single unitary Meemansha system. Many sages including Bodhayan and Ramanuj have declared so in no uncertain terms. Brahm-sutras are highly condensed presentations of Upanishadic texts and give a synoptic insight of its author. It deals with the many of systems discussed above and have been refuted by the Sutras.

The sutrakaar is none other than Ved-Vyaas, the author of Mahabharata. He was called Ved-Vyaas, a sage revered as unifier of Vedas. He was also Known as Krishna Dvaipaayan. Krishna means dark-black and dvaipayan means born in island. He was born in the month of ‘Aashaad.’ He is also called BADRAYAN as he used to be moving in the hills and jungles around his ashram in Badri.

images

Broad division and Structure:

It comprises of 4 chapters and then further sub-divided into Padas. Each Padas has several Adhikarans. Adhikarans are the group of Sutras who form a central meaning.

1st chapter (Samanvay Adhyay) expounds the nature of Brahman as the ultimate ground of the universe of Chit (Aatman) and Achit (Non-sentient).

2nd chapter (Avirodha Adhyay) refutes non-Vedic theories.

3rd chapter (Sadhana Adhyay) deals exclusively with Saadhana or means to attain Brahman.

The last chapter i.e. 4th, (Phala Adhyay) deals with ‘Purusharth’ or ‘phala.’ It reveals the nature of ‘mukti’ and end-result of whole philosophical enquiry.

Different commentators have divided Brahm-Sutra into different number of Sutras.

Shankar- 555 sutras.

Ramanuj: 545 Sutras.

Madhav: 564 sutras.

Adhikaari-Bheda

There is no room for contradiction in Vedas. Each and every shloka of Vedas are sacred and equally important. Not any one part of Vedas can be taken and said to be superior to other.

Adhikaari-bheda means differences arising from the levels of interpretations by the readers. While Vedas seems to be mutually contradicting, they give non-contradictory message actually. Abhed shruti talks about one-ness of Jeevatma and Parmatma while Bhed Shruti talks about difference between Jeevatma and Parmatma.  Are Vedas mutually contradicting? No, Vedas themselves provides the solution in form of Ghatak-Shruti which combines both Abhed-Shruti and Bhed-Shruti. That’s the contribution of Sri Ramanuja to Vedant philosophy. When Ramanuj arrived in the scene, there was utter darkness all around. He appeared like a becon-light in the dark-phase.

We would discuss about Bhed, Abhed and Ghatak shrutis in coming articles.

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Vedant Philosophy:

1. Advait by Adi Shankaracharya.

2. Dvait-Advait by Bhashkaracharya and Yadava Prakash.

3. Vishishtadvait by Swami Ramanujacharya.

4. Dvait by Madhavacharya.

5. Dvait-Advait by Nimabark Swami.

6. Suddhadvait by Vallabhacharya.

7. Achintya Bhed-Abhed by Sri Chaitnya Mahaprabhu

8. Purna-Advait by Sri Aurbindo Ghosh

9. Modern-Vedant by Sri RamKrishna Paramhansh (Swami Vivekanad)

We would discuss about these philosophies in coming articles.

श्रीमद भागवतम महात्म्य भाग 1

नारायणं नमस्कृत्य नरं चैव नरोत्तमम्। देवीं सरस्वतीं व्यासं ततो जयमुदीरयेत् ॥
निगमकल्पतरोर्गलितं फलं शुकमुखादमृतद्रवसंयुतम् ।
पिबत भागवतं रसमालयं मुहुरहो रसिका भुवि भावुकाः ॥
शृण्वतां स्वकथां कृष्णः पुण्यश्रवणकीर्तनः। हृद्यन्तःस्थो ह्यभद्राणि विधुनोति सुहृत्सताम् ॥

भाग 2: श्रीमद भागवतम महात्म्य भाग 2

सर्गश्च प्रतिसर्गश्च वंशो मन्मंतारानी च, वंशानुचरितनचेति पुराणं पञ्चलक्षणं।
पुराणों के पाँच विषयों का वर्णन है- १) सृष्टि २) प्रलय ३) सूर्यवंश और चन्द्रवंश का विवरण ४) अलग-अलग काल के मनुओं का विवरण ५) विस्तृत कथा

श्रीमदभागवत पुराण और विष्णु पुराण में इन पाँचों विषयों की पूर्ण रूप से चर्चा है, इसलिए ये दोनों ही पूर्ण-पुराण कहे गए हैं।
ऋग्यजुःसामाथर्वाख्या वेदाश्चत्वार उद्धृताः। इतिहासपुराणं च पञ्चमो वेद उच्यते ॥10.4.20॥

श्रीमद भागवत पुराण सभी शास्त्रों का सार है। जब वेदों के संकलन और महाभारत, पुराणों की रचना के बाद भी उन्हें शांति न मिली तो उनके गुरु नारद मुनि ने उन्हें श्रीमद भागवत पुराण लिखने को प्रेरित किया। यह श्री वेदव्यासजी की आखिरी रचना है और इस कारण पूर्व के सारे रचनाओं का निचोड़ है।

वेदव्यास जी का नाम “कृष्ण द्वैपायन” है। कृष्ण अर्थात श्याम वर्ण के और द्वैपायन अर्थात छोटे कद के या द्वीप में निवास करने वाले।  व्यासदेव स्वयं भगवान के शक्त्यावेश अवतार थे और आने वाले कलयुग का ध्यान कर उन्होंने वेदों को ४ भाग में विभक्त किया और शास्त्रों को लिखित रूप में संरक्षित किया।भगवान स्वयं शब्दात्मक स्वरुप में भागवत में विराजते हैं।

व्यासं वसिष्ठ नप्तारं शक्तेः पौत्रमकल्मषम् ।
पराशरात्मजं वन्दे शुकतातं तपोनिधिम् ॥ (व्यास जी वशिष्ठ के प्रपौत्र, शक्ति के पौत्र एवं पराशर केपुत्र हैं)

व्यासाय विष्णु रूपाय व्यासरूपाय विष्णवे ।
नमो वै ब्रह्मनिधये वासिष्ठाय नमो नमः ॥ (व्यासदेव स्वयं भगवान के अवतार हैं)

भगवतः इदं भागवतम।

इसके दो अर्थ निकलते हैं- भगवान के द्वारा कहा गया, भागवत और भगवान का जो है, भागवत। भगवत मूल शब्द में तद्धित प्रत्यय लगने से बना है भागवत। भागवत का अर्थ है- “भगवान का”। ‘का, के, की’ चिन्ह है संबंध का, जैसे माता का पुत्र, पिता की पुत्री; वैसे ही भगवान का भागवत। भगवान के होने का यह मतलब नहीं की हम बेटे के बाप नहीं रहेंगे बल्कि संसार के नातों के प्रति ममता (आसक्ति) का त्याग है। अ

संसार में हर व्यक्ति किसी का होकर जीता है जैसे नाना का नाती, पति का पत्नी। लेकिन इन सांसारिक आसक्तियों से हमें मिला क्या? अवसाद, ग्लानी, पीड़ा, दर्द और परेशानी। जड़ वस्तु से हमारा नाता ही हमें दुःख देता है। लेकिन क्या कोई ऐसा नाता है जो हमें आनंद की ओर ले जाये?

भगवान के होने का यह मतलब नहीं की हम बेटे के बाप नहीं रहेंगे बल्कि संसार के नातों के प्रति ममता (आसक्ति) का त्याग है। असली हम भगवान के हैं। क्या पिता का पुत्र हो गया तो पत्नी का पति वह नहीं है? मामू का भांजा नहीं है? नाना का नाती नहीं है? सबका रहेगा पर पिता का पुत्र, बस दिल से मान लिया तो पिता के सम्पति का वह अधिकारी हो गया। बस ह्रदय से मान लो और मान कर जान लो। इतना ही पर्याप्त है। यही मानाने वाले मुक्त हो गए, नहीं मानने वाले धोखा खा जाते हैं, यहीं रह जाते हैं। जब से मानव बुद्धिमान माने जाने लगा, तभी से किसी ‘का’ होकर जीना सिख गया। सबसे संबंध स्थापित किया पर भगवान का होना नहीं सिखा और इसलिए उसकी ग्लानी, पीड़ा, दर्द आजतक समाप्त नहीं हुआ। अगर संसार का नाता लेते हुए हम भगवान से संबंध जोड़ लें, फिर हमारी पीड़ा सहज ही दूर हो जाए। हम भगवान से किसी भी तरह का संबंध जोड़ लें जैसे पिता, मित्र, पति या दुश्मन भी, तो बड़ा पार हो जायेगा। हम संसार के संबंधों का आधार लेकर भगवान से संबंध जोड़ सकते हैं।

अंशी का स्वाभाव हमेशा अंश की ओर जाने का है। जैसे पत्थर या पत्ता हमेशा पृथ्वी की ओर, अग्नि हमेशा सूर्य की ओर और जल हमेशा समुद्र की ओर। जीव भी भगवान का शाश्वत अंश है (ईश्वर अंश जीव अविनाशी) और इसलिए जीव का सहज स्वाभाव है ‘भगवान का हो जाना’। जब तक जीव भगवान से संबंध नहीं जोड़ लेता तब तक दुनिया की फैक्ट्री में ऐसा कोई टैबलेट या इंजेक्शन नहीं है जो उसकी पीड़ा को दूर कर दे।

पीड़ा के चार प्रकार हैं: रोग, शोक, बुढ़ापा और मौत। चारों ही लाइलाज हैं और चरों कोई कोई नहीं चाहता पर चारों हीं मिलते हैं। इन चार पर विजय प्राप्त करने हेतु मनुष्य चार चीजें अर्जित करना चाहता है- ‘पद, पैसा प्रतिष्ठा और परिवार’; पर ऐसा आजतक न हुआ है न होगा। मनुष्य जो भी पाप करता है वो इन चार चीजों के लिये ही करता हैं। भगवान से संबंध स्थापित करके ही हम इन चार चीजों पर विजय प्राप्त कर सकते हैं।

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भगवान यह नहीं कहते की उन्हें दान दो, खेत लिखकर दो; बल्कि मुझे अपना मानकर प्रेम करो। जैसे रोता हुआ बच्चा हुआ कोई कितना भी प्रयास क्यों न करे, चुप नहीं होता पर माँ की थपकी मात्र से चुप हो जाता है क्योंकि माँ से दूरी के एहसास ने ही तो उसे रुलाया था। हमारे दुःख का कारण भी भगवान से दूरी ही है। हम भगवान से दूरी और जड़ वस्तु से आसक्ति बढ़ाते हैं। जड़ वस्तु का स्वभाव ही है मिटना पर हम चाहते हैं की वो हमेशा हमारे पास रहे। मिटने वाली वस्तु यानी अचित से आसक्ति ही हमारे दुःख का कारण है। वस्तु या व्यक्ति से संबंध जितना ही घनिष्ठ हो, हमें उतना ही रुलाता है। यह शरीर जिसे हम अपना समझते हैं वो भी हमें एक दिन छोड़ना होगा। जिसे शरीर से आसक्ति नहीं होगा, वो शरीर छूटने का भी भय नहीं होगा।
सच्चिदानन्दरूपाय विश्वोत्पत्यादिहेतवे। तापत्रय विनाशाय, श्री कृष्णाय वयं नमः।।
भगवान का स्वरुप है- सत, चित और आनंद। सत शब्द अस धातु से बना है जिसका है, “वह जो है”। चित का अर्थ है जिसमें जागृति हो और आनंद का अर्थ है जो मुरझाये नहीं, रोये नहीं, मुस्कुराता रहे। यदि आनदंरूप भगवान से नाता जोड़ लें तो दुखों से विजय प्राप्त कर सदा के लिये आनंदमय हो जायेंगे।
सत्यम ज्ञानम् अनंतम ब्रह्म।

 

भक्ति देवी की व्यथा

श्रीमद भागवत पुराण का महात्म्य पद्म पुराण में आता है। जबतक हम किसी चीज का महत्व नहीं जानते तब तक उसे समझने में समय नहीं देते। एक बार की बात है, नारद ऋषि पुष्कर, काशी, कुरुक्षेत्र, गोदावरी आदि तीर्थों का भ्रमण करते-करते वृन्दावन पहुंचे। उन्होंने अद्भुत घटना देखा। एक 5 वर्ष की युवती पास में दो 85-90 वर्ष के मूर्छित पड़े वृद्धों को “हे पुत्र! हे पुत्र!” कहकर संबोधित कर रही थी। नारद जी जे देखकर युवती ने कहा, “महाराज! हमारे दुःख को दूर कीजिये”
“कौन है तु”।
अहं भक्तिरिति ख्याता इमौ मे तनयौ मतौ । ज्ञानवैराग्यनामानौ कालयोगेन जर्जरौ” ॥

bhakti born dravid.JPG
“मैं भक्ति हूँ। द्रविड़ देश में पैदा हुयी, महाराष्ट्र तक आयी थी, गुजरात की सीमा में प्रवेश करते मैं बुढ़िया हो गयी लेकिन जवान बेटों के सहयोग से मैं यमुना किनारे मथुरा-वृंदावन आयी। यहाँ आते ही नजारा बदल गया। मैं युवती से वृद्धा हो गयी और मेरे जवान बेटे मूर्छित (बेसुध) हो गए। इन्ही की दशा देखकर मैं रो रही हूँ”?

जब भक्ति वैकुण्ठ से चली तो भगवान ने उसकी दासी मुक्ति को साथ-साथ भेज दिया।

(मुक्तिं दासीं ददौ तुभ्यं ज्ञानवैराग्यकाविमौ ॥)

उन दोनों की मदद के लिये भगवान ने ज्ञान और वैराग्य को भेजा। द्वापर के शुरुआत में भक्ति वैकुण्ठ वापस चली गयी और कहा कि जब भी तुम मुझे बुलाओगी, मैं जरुर आउंगी। कलयुग आते आते ज्ञान-वैराग्य भी मूर्छित हो गए। अब भक्ति बैठे बैठे रो रही थी।

अर्थात: ज्ञान-वैराग्य युक्त भक्ति  के लिए मुक्ति दासी की तरह है|

नारद जी ने ज्ञान को जगाने वाला और वैराग्य को प्रवृद्ध करने वाला वेद मंत्र सुनाने लगे लेकिन परिणाम बेअसर रहा। कभी-कभी आँख खोलकर करवट बदलने की चेष्टा की पर मूंह खोल न सके, कुछ बोल न सके। नारद जी ने प्रतिज्ञा की कि जबतक इनकी मूर्छा दूर न होगी, मैं तपस्या करूँगा, भगवान को प्रसन्न कर उन्हीं से उपाय पूछूँगा। नारद जी संत-महात्माओं से उपाय पूछते चले। बद्रिकाश्रम की ओर चले तो उन्हें ४ कुमार मिले (सनक, सनंदन, सनातन, सनत कुमार), जो देखने में ५-६ वर्ष के बालक लगते हैं पर वास्तव में हैं बूढ़ों के बूढ़े।

(कुमारान् ,वृद्धान् दशार्धवयसो विदितात्मतत्त्वान्)।

योगबल से उम्र का असर अपने शरीर पर नहीं होने दिया। दिगंबर महात्मा हैं। नारद जी के बैचैनी को उन्होंने समझ लिया। कुमारों ने कहा, “ज्ञान यज्ञ करो भागवत का, यही वास्तविक सत्कर्म है”।

इदं भागवतं नाम पुराणं ब्रह्मसम्मितम् । भक्तिज्ञानविरागाणां स्थापनाय प्रकाशितम् ॥
ज्ञानयज्ञं करिष्यामि शुकशास्त्रकथोज्ज्वलम् । भक्तिज्ञानविरागाणां स्थापनार्थं प्रयत्नतः ॥

जब भगवान अपनी लीला खत्म कर अपने दिव्य जाने को तत्पर हुए तो उनके घनिष्ठ मित्र उद्धव ने उन्हें रोक लिया। उन्होंने कहा, “आप मुझे छोड़कर अकेले कैसे जा सकते हैं। हम आपके बिना कैसे रह पायेंगे। मुझे भी अपने साथ लेते जाईये”। रामावतार में भगवान अपने साथ पूरी अयोध्या को लेते गए थे। लव-कुश के राज्य करने के लिये कोई भी प्रजा नहीं बची थी। भगवान ने उद्धव से कहा, “बद्रिकाश्रम के गंधमातन पर्वत पर जाकर मेरे स्वरुप का ध्यान करो। जब भी तुम्हें मेरी दर्शन की लालसा हो, मुझे स्पर्श करना या प्रत्यक्ष अनुभव करना चाहो; तो मैं अपने स्वरुप सहित भागवत पुराण में प्रवेश कर रहा हूँ”।
४ कुमारों ने संसार संसार में प्रवेश करने से मना कर दिया। हरिद्वार तक आये। नारद जी भक्ति, ज्ञान और वैराग्य को भी हरिद्वार ले आये और गंगा किनारे, आनंद घाट पर, सनकादिक कथा बाचने लगे। कार्तिक शुक्ल-पक्ष, अक्षय नवमी से पूर्णिमा तक सप्ताह का योगं हुआ। ७ दिन बाद ज्ञान और वैराग्य युवक होकर नाचने लगे। मूर्छा सदा के लिये मिट गयी। सनकादिक गाने लगे और नारद जी बीना बजने लगे। भक्ति भी आनंद विह्वल होकर नाचने लगी।

बिना ज्ञान और वैराग्य के भक्ति नहीं आती। भगवान से संबंध स्थापित करने के लिये ज्ञान की आवश्यकता है। ज्ञान के चार प्रकार हैं- सामान्य, विशेष, विशेषतर और विशेषतमसामान्य ज्ञान (आहार, निद्रा, भय, मैथुन) का ज्ञान पशु को भी है। इसके ज्ञान के लिये किसी विश्वविद्यालय जाने की जरुरत नहीं है। विशेषतर ज्ञान है कवि, आचार्य या राष्ट्रपति बन जाना। विशेषतम ज्ञान ये है कि हम भगवान के हैं, भगवान हमारे हैं और बाकी सारे सपने हैं। इस ज्ञान को ही विवेक कहते हैं। ज्ञान जब परिपक्व होता है तो विवेक कहलाता है। परिपक्व, जागृत ज्ञान विवेक कहलाता है और विवेक वो तेज तलवार है जो अज्ञान से होने वाले मोह और उससे पैदा होने वाले अहंकार को जड़ से काट देता है। विवेक बिना सत्संग के नहीं आता। जब कई जन्मों का पुण्य संचित होता है तो सत्संग मिलता है।

भाग्योदयेन बहुजन्मसमार्जितेन सत्सङ्गमं च लभते पुरुषो यदा वै।
अज्ञानहेतुकृतमोहमदान्धकारनाशं विधाय हि तदोदयते विवेकः

बिना सत्संग के सुनी हुयी बातें जीवन में नहीं आयेंगी इसलिए भक्तों का संग करो और भौतिकवादियों का संग काम से काम करने का प्रयास करो।

बिनु सत्संग विवेक न होई, राम कृपा बिनु सुलभ न सोई।

होई विवेक मोह भ्रम भागा, तब रघुनाथ चरण अनुरागा।।

सत्संग——-(से)——विवेक———-(से)—————वैराग्य——–(से)———-भक्ति

जिस तरह से जानवरों को पालतू बनाने के लिये हम बल और हथियारों का इस्तेमाल करते हैं वैसे ही मनुष्य को सही दिशा में मोड़ने का काम करती है सत्संग। सत्संग करने से हमें विवेक की प्राप्ति होती है। विवेक की प्राप्ति के बाद मोह और भ्रम भाग जाते हैं। जब मोह और भ्रम भाग जाते हैं तब हम भगवान से सम्बन्ध स्थापित कर लेते हैं। विवेक का अर्थ है परिपक्व ज्ञान। जैसे फुलौना के फूट जाने पर बच्चा फूट-फूट कर रोता है पर बाप नहीं रोता क्योंकि बाप को ज्ञान है की बैलून का स्वभाव ही है फूटना। इस उदाहरण में फुलौना विषय है, बालक अज्ञानी और बाप विवेकी। हम भी इस संसार में रो रहे हैं क्योंकि हमें अपने स्वरुप का ज्ञान नहीं है। साधु नहीं रोते क्योंकि उन्हें अपने और इस संसार के स्वरुप का ज्ञान है।

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उमा कहों कछु अनुभव अपना, सत हरि भजन जगत सब सपना।।
उमा राम स्वाभाव जेहि जाना, तेहि भजन तजि भाव न आना।।

अज्ञान का कारण है ६ गन्दगी- काम, क्रोध, मद, लोभ, मोह और मात्सर्य (इर्ष्या)। जब मन की गन्दगी मिट जायेगी तो हम बालक बन जायेंगे और जब बालक बन जायेंगे तो संसार की स्त्रियाँ माँ नजर आयेंगी। जैसे छोटा बालक संसार को देख रहा है पर संसार के पीछे नहीं भागता, उसकी आँखें रूप को देख रहीं हैं पर रूप के पीछे आँखें नहीं भागती। संसार में नाँव की भाती रहो। नाव पानी में रहे पर नाव में पानी न आ पाये। अगर पानी आ रहा है, तो ४ बर्तन हैं जिससे पानी उबीछते रहो: भगवान का (१) नाम (२) रूप (३) गुण और (४) लीला।
निर्मल मन जन सो मोहि पावा, मोहि कपट छल छिद्र न भावा।

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वैराग्य के भी दो प्रकार हैं-कच्चा वैराग्य और पक्का वैराग्य। यदि भक्ति को चंगा बनाना है तो वैराग्य पक्का होना चाहिए। वह विवेक किस काम का जो पक्का वैराग्य न दे पाए। कभी-कभी लोग कच्चा वैराग्य को भी पक्का वैराग्य समझ लेते हैं। जैसे फल्गु नदी, उपर से देखो तो सुखा हुआ और खोद कर देखो पानी ही पानी। नकली वैराग्य लोगों को धोखा देने के लिये होता है। बाहर से ऐसे लोग साधु हैं, विरागी हैं पर भीतर से विरागी हैं। पद्म पुराण के इस कहानी से व्यास देव कहते हैं कि पक्का वैराग्य संसार की वास्तविकता को बतलाता है।

विवेक और वैराग्य साथ-साथ चलते हैं, अकेले नहीं। ज्ञान और वैराग्य भक्ति के पुत्र हैं। किताबी ज्ञान से नहीं बल्कि सत्संग, भक्ति और महापुरुषों के सानिध्य एवं सेवा से विवेक उत्पन्न होगा। ज्ञान और वैराग्य के सहयोग से जब भक्ति आपके जीवन में लहराएगी, तो आपकी दुर्दशा और दयनीय दशा सदा के लिये समाप्त हो जाएगी और खुशहाली आ जाएगी।

 

भागवत की कथा के प्रभाव से धीरे धीरे ज्ञान-वैराग्य की मूर्छा दूर हुई| ज्ञान-विशिष्ट-भक्ति  उलास के मारे नृत्य करने लगी| अलौकिक भक्ति देख भगवान स्वयं अपने लोक से उतर आये।

अथ वैष्णवचित्तेषु दृष्ट्वा भक्तिमलौकिकीम् । निजलोकं परित्यज्य भगवान् भक्तवत्सलः ॥
वनमाली घनश्यामः पीतवासा मनोहरः । काञ्चीकलापरुचिरो लसन्मुकुटकुण्डलः ॥
त्रिभङ्गललितश्चारुकौस्तुभेन विराजितः । कोटिमन्मथलावण्यो हरिचन्दनचर्चितः

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श्रीमद भागवत एक कड़वी मिश्री है। अगर कड़वी दवा सीधे दी जाये तो बच्चा लेने के लिये तैयार नहीं होता लेकिन वही कड़वी दवा अगर मिश्री के साथ मिला कर दी जाए तो बच्चा खा लेता है। श्रीमद भागवत में कथाएँ मिश्री हैं और सिद्धांत (शिक्षाएँ) कड़वी दवा। अगर हम दोनों का सेवन करें तो ‘दुखालयम अशाश्वतं’ से ‘नित्य आनंद’ की ओर निश्चित ही जायेंगे। एक प्रकार के मिट्टी में कोई विशेष फसल, किसी विशेष मौसम में बढ़िया पैदावार देती है। कलयुग में भागवत पुराण का भी वैसा ही महत्व है क्योंकि इसमें स्वयं भगवान श्री कृष्ण का वास है।
सप्ताहश्रवणाल्लोके प्राप्यते निकटे हरिः । अतो दोषनिवृत्त्यर्थमेतदेव हि साधनम् ॥
शृण्वतां सर्वभूतानां सप्ताहं नियतात्मनाम् । यथाविधि ततो देवं तुष्टुवुः पुरुषोत्तमम् ॥

अगर १०० साल आयु है तो १५ साल बाल्यावस्था में, १ साल बारात में और बच्चा हुआ तो बाकी जीवन रोटी और भात में। १०० में से ५० साल तो रात्रि में बेहिसाब बीत जाता है। जीवन की सच्चाई को कब समझ पाओगे? इसलिए भागवत पुराण है। इसमें भगवान स्वयं स्थित हैं, जगत के कल्याण के लिये।
श्रीमद्भागवताख्योऽयं प्रत्यक्षः कृष्ण एव हि । स्वीकृतोऽसि मया नाथ मुक्त्यर्थं भवसागरे ॥

 

भाग २: श्रीमद भागवतम महात्म्य भाग 2

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Authenticity of Panchratra

The Brahma Sutra in its second chapter categorically rejects and refutes the number of works authored such as authored works by the Saankyaas, Yoga, Chaarvaakas, Vaiseshikas, the four kinds of Buddhist schools of thoughts (namely Maadyantika, Vaibhashika, Sowntrantika and Yogaachara), the Jainas and the Paasupata-Saiva. The only authored work accepted by the Brahma Sutra as authoritative as Vedas is the Paancharaatra Aagama.

I have heard few saying that the Brahma Sutra has not mentioned directly the name of Shreeman Naaraayana as the Para Brahman. This is absurd to say so because the Brahma Sutra has clearly established that Paancharaatra Aagama as authoritative as the Vedas and there is no room for any doubt regarding Shreeman Naaraayanan is the Parabrahman. The qualities declared for Para Brahman in the Brahma sutra only identifies with Shereeman Naaraayanan who is declared as the Para Brahman in the Vedas – “Naaraayana param brahma Tatvam Naaraayana Paraha: Naaraayana Paro Jyothihe Aatmaa Naaraayana paraha”.

Aagmas

The Aagamas are authored works. They have divisions called samhitas. There are numbers of such aagamas found to be existing based on which religions have evolved. All such Aagamas are not to be accepted as authoritative because it has to be analytically studied whether the Aagama supports the Veda or not. In case of an Aagama contradicting the veda, it has to be appropriately synchronized in accordance with veda or if such aagama if found to deviate from veda, it has to be rejected.
Pancharaatra aagama has numerous samhitas of which Saatvata, Jayaakya and Pouskara Samhitas are considered as gems. Shreeaman Narayanan himself authors Pancharaatra aagama.

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MahaBharata (Shanti-Parv) says that the author of Pancharaatra is Shreeman Narayanan himself. Paancharaatra aagama deals with the tatva (reality), hita (means) and the purushaartha (goal). It also talks about temple constructions, worshiping of the Lord in temples, the temple festivals and consecration of aarcha form of Vishnu. It also talks about yoga, mantra, yantra, dharma and code of conduct for people. It is in strict agreement with the Veda.
Paancharaatra specifically deals with a class of forms of Vishnu called the Vyuhaa Roopas. It also talks about the mighty discus (Sudarsana Chakra) of Shreeman Naaraayana. The eternal abode of the Lord namely Shree Vaikunta Paramapada is also described by it. In short Paancharaatra covers every aspect of the Vedic philosophy and practice which is Visistaadvaita (Shree Vaishnavam). Its origin can be traced to a Vedic branch called Ekaayana Veda.

Authority in Vedanta-Sutra

Having declared the Samkhya, Vaisheshika, Yoga, Bauddha, Jaina, and Pashupata doctrines as contradictory to the Vedas in the previous adhikaraNas, these opponents retaliate by raising objections against the pAncarAtra system accepted by the author of the sUtras himself (Brahma Sutras, 2.2.42-43). The first two sUtras of this adhikaraNa is the pUrvapakSha portion that describes the objections. The next two sUtras (2.2.44-45) is the siddhAnta portion that answer these objections. One can refer to Sribhashya of Ramanuja for the details

Utpatiyasambhava-adhikaranam is otherwise called as Paancharaatra-Adhikaranam. This is the last aadhikaranam present in the second paada of second chapter of the Brahma Sutra.

Meaning of Adhikaranam

Before going into the analysis of the four sutras present in this aadhikarana, may I present to you the meaning of the term Aadhikaranam. Aadhikaranam is a sub-section in paada of an aadyaaya in Brahma sutra. Each aadhikaranam has five components. They are Vishayam (Subject), Samsayam (Doubt), Poorvapaksham (Opponent view), Sidhaantam (Established truth with proof) and Prayojanam (Benefit of establishing the truth with proof).
In this Utpatiyasambhavaadhikaranam (otherwise called as Paancharaatraadhikaranam), we find the above five components.

  • The “Subject” is regarding the authenticity/authority of Paancharaatra Aagama.
  • The “Doubt” is “whether Paancharaatra is a authentic authority or not”.
  • The “Opponent View” is “Paancharaatra is not an authentic authority as it contradicts the Veda”.
  • The “Established truth with proof” is “Paancharaatra is an authentic authority as it is not contradicting the Veda and only is in perfect accordance with the Veda”.
  • The “Benefit” of establishing this truth is accepting Paancharaatra aagama as authentic authority as that of the Veda and comprehend its philosophy and practice to attain all the four purushaarthas.

Veda Vyasa has categorically rejected many authored scriptures – those authored by Chaturmukabrahma (Yoga) and that of Pasupathi (Paasupata Saivam). Chaturmukabrahma can recite all four vedas. Pasupati (Siva) is called Sarvajnya (he who know everything). When Vyasa has rejected even their smruties, is this Paancharaatra which is authored by Vishu to be accepted or rejected? Thus is the doubt.

Sutras:

  1. Utpatiyasambhavat (Subject and doubt))

(The Views of Pancharatra System are untenable) on account of the impossibility of Origination.”From Vasudeva, Sankarshan (Jiva) is born; From Sankarshan, Pradyumn (mind) is born; from Pradyumn, Aniruddh (ego) is born”. Like Sankhya, Pancharatra says that individual selves are created. This is opposed to what is stated in scriptures.1 2. Na cha kartuhu karanam (opponent’s view) “And, there is no Origination of the instrument from the agent”. Again the opponent objects that Paancharaatra contradicts the Veda by declaring that the Indriyas like Manas (mind) etc., are born from the Jeeva. The Veda has declared that the Indriyas like Manas are born from Iswara who is Shreeman Naaraayana.

Mundak upnishad 2.1.3:

एतस्माज्जायते प्राणो मनः सर्वेन्द्रियाणि च। खं वायुर्ज्योतिरापः पृथिवी विश्वस्य धारिणी।।2.1.3।।

From Him originates the vital force as well as the mind, all the senses, space, air, fire, water, and earth that supports everything. But, Panchratra as opposing views:”Samkarshanaat Manas Samiyjna Pradyumno Jaayate” meaning – “From Sankarshana, the mind called Pradyumna was born”

 

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3.Vignyjanaadi bhaave vaa tataprathishedaha

Or, if they (the four Vyhaas) are held to be the lord, who is knowledge and the origin, there is no contradiction in the system.

अजायमानो बहुधा विजायते (Taitriya Aranyak 3.13.1; Purush-Suktam)

“He is unborn, yet he is born as many, in various forms”.

The Sankarshan and others are of the form of Knowledge i.e. Brahman. He assumes on his own accord, these four forms for the good of devotees. Sankarshan and others are called jivas etc. as they are the presiding deities of the jivas, mind, ego etc. Hence, the nomenclecture is appropiate as Brahman too is declared as ‘Akash, Praan, Indra” etc. 3.13.23.33.4 4. Viprathishedaancha

And on the account of denial (of the birth of the Jeeva)

4.14.2

The Paancharaatra itself has clearly stated that the Jeeva(Chit), Achit and Iswara are eternal. It itself has clearly negated the birth of jeeva.”The connection between Prakriti and the self is an inseparable in nature”.It is similar to Chhandogya Upanishad (6.2.3)

 तत्तेज ऐक्षत बहु स्यां प्रजायेयेति तदपोऽसृजत । तस्माद्यत्र क्वच शोचति स्वेदते वा पुरुषस्तेजस एव तदध्यापो जायन्ते ॥

‘That Being willed, “May I become many, may I grow forth.” It created fire. That fire willed, “May I become many, may I grow forth”. It created water. Therefore whenever a man grieves or perspires, then it is from fire that water issuesTherefore the Paancharaatra is fully in accordance to the Veda and there is no contradiction with Veda.

Objection: Sandilya is said to have promulgated the Pancharatra system. He found that the teachings of the Vedas couldn’t help him. This shows that the system is opposed to Vedas.

Ans: As regards to the Sandilya’s statement, it’s similar to the Narada’s statement in Chhandogya Upanishad (7.1.2-3).

  1. ऋग्वेदं भगवोऽध्येमि यजुर्वेदm+ सामवेदमाथर्वणं चतुर्थमितिहासपुराणं पञ्चमं वेदानां वेदं पित्र्यm+ राशिं दैवं निधिं वाकोवाक्यमेकायनं देवविद्यां ब्रह्मविद्यां भूतविद्यां क्षत्रविद्यां नक्षत्रविद्याm+ सर्पदेवजनविद्यामेतद्भगवोऽध्येमि ॥ ७.१.२॥ सोऽहं भगवो मन्त्रविदेवास्मि नात्मविच्छ्रुतm+ ह्येव मे भगवद्दृशेभ्यस्तरति शोकमात्मविदिति सोऽहं भगवः शोचामि तं मा भगवाञ्छोकस्य पारं तारयत्विति तm+ होवाच यद्वै किंचैतदध्यगीष्ठा नामैवैतत् ॥                                                                          ‘Revered sir, I know the Rig-Veda, the Yajur-Veda, the Sama-Veda and the Atharvanas the fourth, the Itihasa-Purana as the fifth, grammar, the rules for the worship of the ancestors, mathematics, the science of portents, the science of treasures, logic, the science of ethics, etymology, the ancillary knowledge of the Vedas, the physical sciences, the science of war, the science of the stars, the science related to serpents, and the fine arts – all this I know, revered sir.’ VII-i-3: ‘Revered sir, however, I am only a knower of verbal texts, not a knower of Atman. Indeed I have heard from persons like your revered self that a knower of Atman goes beyond grief. I am in such a state of grief. May your revered self take me across it.’ Sanatkumara replied to him,’ Whatsoever you have studied here, really it is only a name.                                                                                                                                  Such a statement is not meant to disparage the Vedas, but to praise the bhuma-vidya taught by Sanat-Kumar teaches later as gives in clear and succinct manner, the teachings of Vedas which can be grasped even by dulls.

    Sri Yamuna Muni shows that itihAsas and purANas and praise pA~ncarAtra highly:

    MAHABHARATA

    bharat2.JPGइदं महोपनिषदं चतुर्वेदसमन्वितम्।
    सांख्ययोगकृतं तेन पञ्चरात्रानुशब्दितम्॥ 12-348-62
    नारायंणमुखोदीतं नारदोऽश्रावयत्पुनः। (Mahabharata, Shanti parvan)

    Meaning: This great doctrine, that takes one close to Brahman (upaniShad), explains the purport of the four Vedas harmoniously. It is based on sAMkhya (j~nAna) and yoga (bhakti) and called ‘pancarAtra’. It has been expounded by Narayana, and Narada explained it once more.

    “ब्राह्मणैः क्षत्रियैर्वैश्यैः शूद्रैश्च कृतलक्षणैः ।
    सेव्यतेऽभ्यर्च्यते चैव नित्ययुक्तैः स्वकर्मभिः ॥ 6-66-39
    द्वापरस्य युगस्यान्ते आदौ कलियुगस्य च।
    सात्वतं विधिमास्थाय गीतः संकर्षणेन वै” ॥ 6-66-40 (Mahabharata,  Bhishma parvan)

    Meaning: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras, worship Him (shrI vAsudeva) in their daily rituals and activities. They are to worship Him in the dvApara and in the beginning of kali yuga, using the sAtvata rules expounded by Sankarshana (in the Pancharatra texts).

    “तैरेकमतिभिर्भूत्वा यत्प्रोक्तं शास्त्रमुत्तमम्॥ 12-343-28
    वेदैश्चतुर्भिः समितं कृतं मेरौ महागिरौ।” (Mahabharata, Shanti parvan)

    Meaning: This lofty pancaratra shAstra that has been expounded unanimously, has been declared equal to the four Vedas on the great mountain Meru.

    Purans

    VARAHA PURANA (proof)

    “वेदेन पञ्चरात्रेण भक्त्या यज्ञेन च द्विज ।
    प्राप्योऽहं नान्यथा प्राप्यो वर्षलक्षशतैरपि ॥” (Varaha Purana, Chapter 66)

    Meaning: I am attainable by means of Vedas, Pancharatra, as well as by devotion-filled worship. I am not attainable by any other means even in millions of years.

    “पञ्चरात्रं सहस्राणां यदि कश्चिद्ग्रहीष्यति ।
    कर्मक्षये च मां कश्चिद् यदि भक्तो भविष्यति ॥
    तस्य वेदाः पञ्चरात्रं नित्यं हृदि वसिष्यति ।” (Varaha Purana, Chapter 66)

    Meaning: He who, among a thousand people, grasps the pancarAtra, and he who remains my devotee after his deeds are exhausted (i.e., at the time of his death after he has surrendered to me), in his heart the Vedas and Pancaratra will remain forever.

    “यदिदं पञ्चरात्रं मे शास्त्रं परमदुर्लभम् ।
    तद्भवान् वेत्स्यते सर्वं मत्प्रसादादसंशयम् ॥” (Varaha Purana, Chapter 66)

    Meaning: You will know in entirety this pAncarAtra shAstra belonging to me, which is the highest means, and which is easy to follow, through my grace. There is no doubt about this.

    Pancharatra Authority accepted by Advaitins:

In his commentary to Srimad Bhagavatam, Shridhara Swami says that the highest devotee of the Lord follows the dharma explained in the pAncarAtra texts, and performs worship of Vishnu according to them (Proof: 1, 2):

(11.10.1) “ मयोदितेष्ववहितः स्वधर्मेषु मदाश्रयः वर्णाश्रमकुलाचारम् अकामात्मा समाचरेत् ” मया – पञ्चरात्राद्युक्तवैष्णवधर्मेषु, अवहितो अप्रमत्तः।

Meaning: “Taking full shelter in Me, with the mind carefully fixed in the devotional service of the Lord as spoken by Me, one should live without personal desire and practice the social and occupational system called varṇāśrama.” Here, ‘devotional service spoken by me’ refers to the Vaishnava dharma explained in the pAncarAtra texts. ‘Fixed in such devotional service’ means to be attentive/careful.

(3.29.15) “ क्रियायोगेन शस्तेन नातिहिंस्रेण नित्यशः ” क्रियायोगेन – पाञ्चरात्राद्युक्तप्रकारेण
Meaning: “Without excessive violence, one should regularly perform one’s devotional activities.” Here, kriyA yoga means “by the method of worship enjoined in the pAncarAtra etc.”
If Sridhara Swamin had considered these Vaishnava Agamas as veda-bAhyas, he would not have said that exemplery devotees of the Lord follow the Vaishnava dharma of pA~ncarAtra diligently.
Sridhara Swamin also says that the Vishvaksena the commander of Lord’s army in Shri Vaikuntha, is the personification of the pA~ncarAtra tantra, just as Shri Garuda the Lord’s mount is the personification of the Vedas, in Srimad Bhagavatam 12.11.19-20.

Even Aadi Sankara Bhagavat paada is in agreement with Paancharaatra but he says “the portions of paancharaatra, which do not contradict the Veda, are authentic authority”. But as established by the Sutrakaara (Veda Vyasa) and the Bhaashyakaara (Shree Raamanuja), there is no portion in the Paancharaatra aagama, which is contradiction, the Veda. Therefore the entire Paancharaatra Aagama is authentic authority. The paancharaatra aagama is a treasure of knowledge. It stresses that he/she who has undivided faith in Lord Shreeman Naaraayananan alone can reach the eternal abode attaining moksha and doing eternal service to His lotus feet. I will elaborate this more in the future lessons after a detailed study of certain Veda verses.


“विद्याविनयसम्पन्ना ब्राह्मणा वेदपारगाः । मयि भक्तिं न कुर्वन्ति ये ते चण्डालतां गताः ॥
ब्राह्मणो वैष्णवो ज्ञेयो न ह्यस्मादन्यदेवता । मातृवत् परिरक्षन्तं जगत्स्रष्टारमीश्वरम् । यो हि नार्चयते मूढस्तमाहुर्ब्रह्मघातकम् ॥
वृथा जप्तं वृथा दत्तं वृथा चेष्टं वृथा हुतम् । वृथा तप्यं च तप्तञ्च यो न भक्तो मयि द्विजः ॥
यत्कृतं हुतञ्चापि यदिष्टं दत्तमेव वा । अवैष्णवकृतं सर्वं राक्षसा एव भुञ्जते ॥”

Meaning: Those brAhmaNas who are not devoted to Me must be considered fallen to the state of outcastes. It does not matter if such persons are thorough experts in the Vedas, endowed with learning and qualities such as humility. A Vaishnava must be considered a brAhmaNa. There is no devatA to be worshipped other than such a Vaishnava. I create, protect and rule this universe like a mother. Therefore, a person who does not worship Me is a fool and a killer of brAhmaNas. If a Vedic rite is performed by a person who is not devoted to Me — whether it is chanting (japa), gifting (dAna), sacrificial offering (iShTam), oblations (hutam), austerity performed and yet to be performed — all of it will go in vain. Vedic rites performed by a non-Vaishnava will only nourish evil beings like rAkShasas.

Thus says bhagavAn shrI kR^iShNa to yudhiShThira. (This shloka is quoted in the Adyar library edition of Shankara’s Vishnu Sahasranama Bhashya of name- Vishwa.).
Moreover, advaitins like amalAnanda has acknowledged total acceptance of pAncarAtra siddhAnta as vedic.
amalAnanda says thus in shAstra darpaNa as well as in bhAmati kalpataru (Proof: 12) —
जीवाभिन्नब्रह्मणो जगत्सर्गं वदतः समन्वयस्य जीवोत्पत्तिप्रतिपादकपाञ्चरात्रस्मृतिविरोधसंदेहे, अधिष्ठातैवेश्वर इति मते निरस्ते, प्रकृतिरपि स इति मतस्य वेदसंमतत्वाज्जीवोत्पत्तावपि प्रमाणत्वम् — एवंभूतावान्तरसंगतिलोभेन स्मृत्पादसंगतमप्यधिकरणमिह लिखितम् । तत्र —
ईशोक्तं न पुराणेषु व्यामोहार्थमितीरितम् ।
पञ्चरात्रमतो जीवो विकार इति मीयते ॥
पञ्चरात्रकर्तुर्वासुदेवस्य वेदादेव सर्वज्ञत्वावगमात् कपिलपतञ्जल्यादीनां च जीवत्वात्, पञ्चरात्रस्य च पुराणेषु बुद्धादिदर्शनवत् व्यामोहार्थमीश्वरप्रणीतत्वाश्रवणात् ब्रह्मनिमित्तत्वप्रकृतित्वसंप्रतिपत्तेश्च जीवोत्पत्तावप्यद्वैताव्याघातात्तत्सिद्धजीवोत्पत्तिरबाध्या । अत एवागतार्था च । एवं प्राप्ते, अभिधीयते —
“बुद्धिपूर्वकृतिस्तन्त्रं ब्रह्मनिःश्वसितं श्रुतिः ।
तेन जीवजनिस्तत्र सिद्धा गौणी नियम्यते ॥”
यावद्ध्येकदेशे वेदाविरोधादीश्वरबुद्धेर्वेदमूलत्वं वेदाद्वा सर्वविषयत्वं प्रतीयते, तावदेव स्वतःप्रमाणवेदाज्जीवानुत्पत्तिप्रमितौ तादृशबुद्धिपूर्वकेश्वरवचनान्न जीवोत्पत्तिरवगन्तुं शक्यते । अतः प्रमाणापहृतविषये गौणं तद्वचनम्, न तु भ्रान्तं पूर्वोक्तयुक्तिभिरिति ।
Meaning: The adhikaraNa is begun as follows — there is a doubt as to whether the the origination of the individual soul (jIvotpatti) must be accepted literally from statements in the pAncarAtra Agama. This tantra was composed by the Omniscient Lord, and are in agreement with the Veda in terms of the oneness of material and efficient causes. It cannot be said that these statements are made in error, since they were uttered by the Lord Himself, compared to other darshanas like sAMkhya, yoga, etc. that were composed by jIvas like Kapila, Patanjali, etc. Moreover, we do not see anywhere in the Puranas that the pAncarAtra tantra was propagated by the Lord Himself for the sake of delusion not unlike the doctrine of the Bauddhas propagated again by Himself to delude the wicked. Such a doubt is raised here.
The correct position, on the other hand , is as follows: “Since the Lord’s voluntary composition is the pAncarAtra tantra, and His involuntary breath is the shruti, statements of origination of the soul are secondary and figurative, not primary and literal”. The omnscience, benevolent nature, and infalliability of the Lord are all understood to be true only from the self-evident shruti. Hence, the pAncarAtra Agamas are dependent on the Veda for their authority. Hence, it cannot be said that they propagate the theory of origin of the individual soul literally, since it would contradict the shruti that says the individual soul is eternal. Therefore, such statements in the pAncarAtra are to be understood as secondary and conveying something else, and are not erroneous due to the reasons given in the prima facie position.
Note also that amalAnanda agrees with the pUrvapakSha’s reasons to believe in the infalliability of pAncarAtras, which we have highlighted above. This guru notes that no purANa condemns pAncarAtra as un-vedic.

Refereces:

  1. Sri Bhasya translation by Swami Sarveswaaranand and Swami Adidevanand
  2. https://narayanastra.blogspot.com/2013/05/vishnu-supreme-brahman-according-to-all.html#h.65zjr22zskcg

 

प्रपत्ति (शरणागति)

प्रपत्ति (शरणागति, न्यासं, आत्मसमर्पण, आत्म-निक्षेपं, भरन्यासम)

अनन्यसार्थे स्वाधिष्ठे महाविश्वासपूर्वकं, तदेको उपायताकांक्ष प्रपत्ति शरणागति।अनन्यसार्थे स्वाधिष्ठे महाविश्वासपूर्वकं, तदेको उपायताकांक्ष प्रपत्ति शरणागति।जब व्यक्ति यह समझता है कि वो खुद अपनी रक्षा करने में असमर्थ (कर्म, ज्ञान एवं भक्ति से हीन) है और भगवान के अलावा कोई और उसकी रक्षा करने में समर्थ नहीं हैं तो वह भगवान को असहाय भाव में रक्षा करने को पुकारता है। मन कि इस अवस्था को को शरणागति (शरणं आगति) कहते हैं। अपनी हार स्वीकार कर भगवान को उपाय बनने की विनती करना ही उपाय है। ‘उप आयते इति उपायः’। जो लक्ष्य के करीब ले जाए उसे उपाय कहते हैं। शरणागति में तत्त्व नारायण हैं, पुरुषार्थ भी नारायण हैं और हित (उपाय) भी नारायण ही हैं।

अहमस्य अपराधानाम आलयः अकिंचनोगति:

     त्वमेव उपाय भूतो में भवति प्रार्थनाम इति शरणागति।।

     शरणागति इति उक्त्वा सा देवेऽस्मिन प्रयुज्यताम। (अहिर्बुध्व संहिता)

अपनी आत्मा को परमात्मा को सौंप देना ही शरणागति (आत्म-निक्षेप) है।

आत्मा आत्मीय भारन्यासो ही आत्मनिक्षेप उच्यते।। (लक्ष्मी तंत्र 17.29)

प्रपत्ति दो मूल धातु से बना है- ‘प्र’ और ‘पद’। ‘प्र’ का अर्थ है ऊँचा और ‘पद’ यानि कदम। अर्थात सर्वोच्च की ओर कदम बढ़ाना ही प्रपत्ति है।

प्रमाण

  1. नायमात्मा प्रवचनेन लभ्यो, न मेधया न बहुना श्रुतेन।

        यमेवैष वृणुते तेन लभ्यः, तस्यैष आत्मा विवृणुते तनूँ स्वाम्॥

{मुण्डक उपनिषद (3.2.3) और कठोपनिषद (1.2.23)}

लघु सिद्धांत में रामानुज स्वामीजी, इस श्लोक की व्याख्या करते हुए लिखते हैं:

यथा अयं प्रियतमः आत्मानम् प्राप्नोति, तथा भगवान स्वमेव प्रयतत इति भगवतैव उक्तं।

अर्थ: जैसे हम अपने प्रियतम को स्वयं प्रयत्न कर प्राप्त करते हैं, वैसे ही भगवान स्वयं, अपनी निर्हैतुक कृपा से, शरणागत जीवात्मा को अपना लेते हैं।  एक शरणागत को भगवत-प्राप्ति हेतु अपनी ओर से कोई प्रयत्न नहीं करना चाहिए क्योंकि ऐसा करना भगवान की निर्हैतुक कृपा में बाधा होगा।

  1. यो ब्रह्माणं विदधाति पूर्वं यो वै वेदांश्च प्रहिणोति तस्मै ।

        तं ह देवमात्मबुद्धिप्रकाशं मुमुक्षुर्वै शरणमहं प्रपद्ये ॥ – (श्वेताश्वतरोपनिषत् 6-18)

जो श्रृष्टि के आरम्भ में ब्रह्मा को उत्पन्न करता हैऔर जो उसके लिये वेदों को प्रवृत करता है, अपनी बुद्धि को प्रकाशित करने वाले उस देव की मैं मुमुक्षु शरण ग्रहण करता हूँ।

  1. अनन्यचेताः सततं यो मां स्मरति नित्यशः।

      तस्याहं सुलभः पार्थ नित्ययुक्तस्य योगिनः।। (गीता 8.14)

जो पुरुष मुझ में अनन्य-चित्त होकर सदा ही निरंतर मुझ पुरुषोत्तम को स्मरण करता है, जो मेरे साथ निरंतर संपर्क चाहता है, उसे मैं सहज ही प्राप्त हो जाता हूँ।

अहं सुलभ’ की व्याख्या करते हुए स्वामीजी लिखते हैं: अहम् एव प्राप्यः न मद्भाव ऐश्वर्यादिकः

मैं एकमात्र वस्तु हूं जो वह प्राप्त करना चाहता है और न कि मेरे किसी भी तरीके की संप्रभुता आदि। मैं उससे बहुत प्रिय हूं, वह मुझे याद किए बिना खुद को बनाए रखने में असमर्थ है। मैं उसे खुद को प्राप्त करने के लिए आवश्यक भक्ति अभ्यास में पूर्ण परिपक्वता प्राप्त करने की क्षमता प्रदान करता हूं।

तात्पर्य चन्द्रिका में स्वामी वेदांत देशिका ‘अहमेव’ शब्द की व्याख्या करते हुए लिखते हैं:

परमकारुणिकस्य ममैव अयं भर इति अभिप्रायः

  1. राम चरम श्लोक (रामायण युद्धकाण्ड 18.33)

जब विभीषण अपना सब कुछ त्यागकर भगवान की शरण में आते हैं तो भगवान ने शरणागति-मार्ग की व्याख्या करते हुए कहा:

‘सकृदेव प्रपन्नाय तवास्मीति च याचते | अभयं सर्व भूतेभ्यो ददाम्येतद् व्रतं मम ||’

जो एक बार भी मेरी शरण में आकर ‘मैं तुम्हारा हूँ’ ऐसा कहकर मुझसे अभय चाहता है, उसको मैं सब भूतों का अभयदान देता हूँ, यह मेरा व्रत है।

  1. कृष्ण चरम श्लोक (गीता 18.66)

    भगवान ने गीता में पहले कर्म-योग, उसके बाद ज्ञान योग और फिर भक्ति योग की विस्तृत व्याख्या की। सभी प्रकार के योगों के बारे में भगवान से सुनने के पश्चात अर्जुन ने अपनी असमर्थता व्यक्त की तो भगवान ने आखिरी उपदेश दिया:

सर्व धर्मान परित्यज्य मामेकं शरणं व्रज |

अहं त्वा सर्व पापेभ्यो मोक्षिष्यामी मा शुचः||

सभी उपायों (कर्म-योग, ज्ञान योग, भक्ति योग) को त्यागकर मेरी शरणागति करो, मैं तुम्हारे सभी पापों को नष्ट कर तुम्हें मोक्ष प्रदान करूँगा|

  1. लक्ष्मी तंत्र (१७.१००)
  2. शरणागतिः इति उक्त्वा सा देवे अस्मिन प्रयुज्यताम।

         इदं तितिरिष्टाम पारं सर्वे नाश्यन्ति तातक्षनात।। {अहिर्बुधन्य संहिता (37.3)}

  1. न धर्म निष्ठो, न च आत्मवेदी; न भक्ति माम त्वात चरणारविन्दे।

        अकिंचनो अनन्यगति शरण्यं, त्वत पाद मूलं शरणम् प्रपद्ये ।। (स्त्रोत रत्न. 22)

हे प्रभो! मैं न निष्ठापूर्वक धर्म का पालन (कर्म-योग) करनेवाला हूँ और न आत्म-तत्त्व (ज्ञान-योग) का ज्ञाता हूँ। न आपके चरण कमलों की भक्ति में संपन्न हूँ, न कोई अन्य साधन प्राप्त करने में समर्थ हूँ। असहाय अवस्था में, अन्य कोई गति न होने के कारण, आपके चरणतल में शरणागति करता हूँ।

  1. कोटि विप्र वध लागहिं जाहूं। आये शरण ताजऊँ नहीं ताहू।।

       सनमुख होई जीव मोहि जबहीं। जन्म कोटि अध नासहिं तबहीं।। (रामचरितमानस)

 

उपाय को दो भागों में वर्गीकरण किया गया है:

१) साध्योपाय: वह उपाय जो हमारे द्वारा स्थापित किया जाये और हमारे द्वारा क्रियाशील हो। इसे स्वगत स्वीकारा भी कहते हैं क्योंकि इस उपाय में हम अपने प्रयत्नों द्वारा भगवान तक पहुँचने का प्रयत्न करते है। उदाहरण स्वरुप बांदरी का बच्चा जो स्वयं उछलकर अपने माँ को पकड़ता है। इसलिए इस उपाय को मर्कट-किशोर-न्याय भी कहते हैं। कर्म योग, ज्ञान योग और भक्ति योग साध्योपाय है।

images (1)

२) सिद्धोपाय: वह उपाय जो पहले से स्थापित है और हमें सिर्फ उसका चुनाव करना है। इसे परगत स्वीकारा भी कहते हैं क्योंकि इस उपाय में हमारे भगवान तक पहुँचने का उत्तरदायित्व भगवान पर ही होता है और भगवान ‘सत्य-संकल्प’ हैं, कभी भी अपनी जिम्मेदारी से नहीं चूकते। उदाहरण स्वरुप बिल्ली का बच्चा जिसे पकड़कर ले जाने की जिम्मेदारी स्वयं बिल्ली की है। इसलिए इस उपाय को मर्घर-किशोर न्याय भी कहते हैं। शरणागति सिद्धोपाय है। शरणागति भी भक्ति ही है पर भक्ति योग में भक्ति उपाय है और शरणागति में स्वयं भगवान ही उपाय हैं। एक शरणागत कर्म, ज्ञान, भक्ति सबका अनुशीलन करता है पर उपाय के तौर पर नहीं बल्कि सिर्फ भगवान के मुखोल्लाष के लिये। इस मार्ग में सफलता कि १०० फीसदी गारंटी है क्योंकि बांदरी का बच्चा शायद चूक भी जाए अपनी माँ को पकड़ने में, पर बिल्ली अपने बच्चे को सुरक्षित उस पार करने में कभी नहीं चुकती। यह उपाय खास तौर पर अयोग्य, लाचार और सभी साधनों से हीन साधकों के लिये है।

images

पञ्चरात्र आगम में आता है:भक्त्या परमया भावी, प्रपत्या वा महामदे। (भक्ति और प्रपत्ति ही केवल दो मार्ग हैं भगवान तक पहुँचने के लिये।)दोनों ही मार्ग के अपने फायदे और कमियाँ हैं। भक्ति योग के कर्म और ज्ञान योग दो अंग हैं। ज्ञानयुक्त कर्म ही भक्ति की ओर ले जाता है। भक्ति योग में मन, बुद्धि और शरीर निर्बाध भगवान की ओर होने चाहिए (अनन्य चिंतयतो माम; सततं कीर्तयन्तो माम)। प्रपत्ति मार्ग की सबसे बड़ी परेशानी यह है की मानसिक रूप से एक शरणागत के ढाँचे में ढलना मुश्किल है और दूसरा यह की हमें शरण्य (भगवान) के प्रति यह अटूट श्रद्धा होनी चाहिए की वो अवश्य हमारी रक्षा करेंगे। लेकिन एक बार शरणागत होने के बाद आगे का मार्ग अत्यंत सुगम हो जाता है।

उदाहरणस्वरुप छत पे जाने के दो उपाय हैं। एक तो सीढियों के द्वारा और दूसरा लिफ्ट से। सीढ़ी से चढ़ना साध्योपाय है क्योंकि व्यक्ति को अपने सामर्थ्य पर भरोसा है। लिफ्ट के द्वारा जाना सिद्धोपाय है क्योंकि लिफ्ट का उपयोग करने का अर्थ ही है की हमने अपनी हार स्वीकार कर ली है कि हम अपने स्वयं के प्रयास से छत पे चढ़ने में असमर्थ हैं और दूसरा की हम जल्दी से जल्दी छत पे जाना चाहते हैं। इस उदाहरण में लिफ्ट भगवान हैं और लिफ्टमैन गुरु। हमें लिफ्ट और लिफ्टमैन पर पूर्ण विश्वास होने की जरुरत है।

अन्यथा शरणं नास्ति त्वमेव शरणं मम। तस्मातकारुण्यभावेन रक्ष रक्ष परमेश्वर।।

शरणागत होने के लिये पूर्वापेक्षा

यूँ तो सभी तरह से अयोग्य होना ही सबसे बड़ी योग्यता है प्रपत्ति में, फिर भी आचार्य कुछ पूर्वापेक्षा बताते हैं:

अनन्यसार्थे स्वाधिष्ठे महाविश्वासपूर्वकं, तदेको उपायताकांक्ष प्रपत्ति शरणागति।

1) स्वाधिष्ठे अनन्यसार्थे (निराश्रयता) :-

  1.  आकिंचन्यम: शरणागति ‘अहंकार, ममत्व और स्वातंत्र्य’ का त्याग है। इस दुनिया में कोई भी व्यक्ति अपनी हार स्वीकार करने को तैयार नहीं है। हर व्यक्ति अपने-अपने अलग अलग प्रकार के अभिमान के साथ जी रहा है। अहंकार त्याग करने की मुश्किल के कारण ही शरणागति मुश्किल दृष्टिगोचर होती है। हमें यह स्मरण रखना चाहिए की सर्वोत्तम तत्त्व क्या है, सर्वोत्तम पुरुषार्थ क्या है और उसका उपाय क्या है। अगर मैं अपने प्रयासों से मोक्ष प्राप्त करने में सक्षम होता तो कई हजार वर्ष पहले ही कर चूका होता। आकिंचन्यम का अर्थ है अपने आप को कर्म, ज्ञान और भक्ति से हीन समझना और पछताते हुए भगवान से उपाय बनने की प्रार्थना करना। “हे श्रीमन नारायण! मैं सभी साधनों से हीन हूँ पर मैं आपके दिव्य धाम में आपके नित्य कैंकर्य की प्रार्थना करता हूँ कृपया अपने अहैतुकी कृपा से मुझे मोक्ष प्रदान करें।
  2. अनन्य-गतित्वं : इस बात का पूर्ण विश्वास की भगवान के अलावा कोई और हमारी मदद नहीं कर सकता। लोकाचार्य स्वामी बताते हैं की यदि पिता रक्षक होते तो हिरण्यकशिपू ने प्रह्लाद की रक्षा की होती। यदि माता रक्षक होती तो कैकेयी ने भरत की रक्षा की होती, यदि भाई रक्षक होता तो रावण ने विभीषण की रक्षा की होती। यदि पति रक्षक होते तो द्रौपदी के पाँच महाबली पतियों ने उनकी रक्षा की होती। यदि हम स्वयं अपने रक्षक होते तो गजराज ने ग्राह से स्वयं की रक्षा की होती। इन सभी की रक्षा श्रीमन नारायण ने ही की इसलिए श्रीमन नारायण ही एकमात्र रक्षक हैं। अन्य देवताओं के पास इस भाव से जाना की वो हमारी रक्षा करेंगे, यह शरणागति के प्रतिकूल है। शिव, इंद्र आदि देवता स्वयं संसार-मंडल में फंसे हैं अपनी रक्षा के लिये श्रीमन नारायण पर आश्रित हैं।

2) महाविश्वास : श्रीमन नारायण पर यह पूर्ण विश्वास की वो अवश्य ही हमारी रक्षा करेंगे। अगर महाविश्वास न हो तो फिर शरणागति का अर्थ ही क्या है।

उपजई राम चरण विश्वासा, भवनिधि तरहीं नर बिनहिं प्रयासा

संसारकूपे पतितोऽत्यागाधे, मोहान्धपूर्णे विषयाभितप्ते।

करावलम्बं मम देहि विष्णो, गोविन्द दामोदर माधवेति।।

हे गोविन्द! दामोदर! माधव! मैं मोह रूपी अंधकार से व्याप्त और समस्त विषयों की ज्वाला (दावाग्नि) से संतप्त इस संसार रूपी गहरे कुएँ में पड़ा हूँ। हे विष्णो! आप मेरा हाथ पकड़कर इस कुएँ से बाहर निकालिए। मुझे अपने हाथ का सहारा दीजिये, मैं अपने प्रयत्न से बाहर नहीं निकल सकता।

सवाल) भगवान हमारे ‘उपाय’ बनने को क्यों तैयार होंगे?

उत्तर):  भगवान हमेशा ही हमारे उपाय बनने को उत्सुक रहते हैं पर हमें अपने बल, बुद्धि और सामर्थ्य पर यकीन होता है। हम भगवान से पृथक हो इस संसार का आनंद लेना चाहते हैं, इसलिए भगवान हमारे ‘उपाय’ नहीं बनते। जबतक हम अपनी हार स्वीकार कर भगवान से असहाय अवस्था में प्रार्थना नहीं करेंगे तबतक भगवान हमारे उपाय कैसे बन सकते हैं। गजेन्द्र और द्रौपदी के संकट में भी भगवान ने तबतक ‘उपाय’ बनना स्वीकार नहीं किया जबतक उन्होंने शरणागति नहीं की।

(नारायण अखिलगुरो भगवन नमस्ते)। (गजेन्द्र स्तुति)

कृष्ण! कृष्ण! महायोगिन्! विश्वात्मन! विश्वभावन। प्रपन्ना पाहि गोविन्द कुरुमध्येवासीदतीम्। (द्रौपदी स्तुति)

कोई कंजूष से महा-कंजूष व्यक्ति ही क्यों ना हो, यदि कोई भिखारी उसका चरण पकड़ ले तो वह कुछ न कुछ भीख अवश्य देगा तो फिर अपार-वात्सल्यमय भगवान हमारे उपाय बनने को तैयार क्यों नहीं होंगे। एक मालिक अपने कर्मचारियों को उनके योग्यता के अनुसार ही वेतन देता है पर यदि कोई उसके आगे दंडवत हो जाये और अपनी लाचारी जताए तो मालिक बिना किसी योग्यता के कुछ रुपये अवश्य देगा। इसी तरह हमारे कर्म, ज्ञान और भक्ति हीन होने के वावजूद भी हमें मोक्ष अवश्य प्रदान करेंगे अगर हम उनके चरणों का आश्रय लें। ऐसा स्वयं भगवान की प्रतिज्ञा है. (धनं मदीयं तव पाद-पड़्कजं)।

जिस तरह एक बछड़ा के धूल में लिपटे होने के वावजूद गाय उसे चाट-चाटकर साफ करती है, उसी प्रकार भगवान भी अपने शरणागतों के दोष और पूर्व के संचित पाप नहीं देखते। (वात्सल्यं),

सवाल) क्या शरणागति उपाय है?

उत्तर) वास्तव में शरणागति उपाय नहीं योग्यता (व्याचम) है। उपाय तो केवल श्रीमन नारायण की अहैतुकी कृपा है।

सवाल) क्या कोई भी शरण्य बन सकता है?

उत्तर) एक आदर्श शरण्य के पास निम्न दो गुण होने चाहिए:

१) परत्वं : जिसके जोड़ का दूसरा कोई न हो।

२) सौलभ्यम: जो सर्व-सुलभ हो ( भगवान अन्तर्यामी, अर्चा और आचार्य के रूप में सर्व-सुलभ हैं)

सवाल) क्या शरणागति कोई भी कर सकता है?

उत्तर): हाँ। शरणागति में जाति, कुल, रंग, जन्म आदि का कोई भेद नहीं है। शबरी (शूद्र वर्ण में जन्म); निषाद, सुग्रीव (बन्दर), विभीषण (राक्षस), विदूर (दासीपुत्र) इत्यादि उदाहरण हैं।

मां हि पार्थ व्यपाश्रित्य येऽपि स्युः पापयोनयः। 

स्त्रियो वैश्यास्तथा शूद्रास्तेऽपि यान्ति परां गतिम् ।। (गीता 9.73)

“हे अर्जुन! स्त्री, वैश्य, शूद्र तथा पापयोनि चाण्डाल आदि, जो कोई भी हो; वे भी मेरी शरण में आकर परमगति को ही प्राप्त होते हैं”।

आनयैनं हरिश्रेष्ठ दत्तमस्याभयं मया।

                                      विभीषणो वा सुग्रीव यदि वा रावणः स्वयं।। ( रामायण युद्धकाण्ड 18.34)

हे वानरश्रेष्ठ सुग्रीव! वह व्यक्ति विभीषण हो अथवा स्वयं रावण भी हो, तो भी उसको ले आओ, मैं उसे अभी अभयदान दे दूँगा।

 

शरणागति के 6 अंग

आनुकूलश्च संकल्पः प्रातिकूलश्च वर्जनं; रक्षिष्यती इति विश्वासः,

गोप्त्रिप्त वर्णनश्तथा;कार्पण्य आत्मनिक्षेपे षड्विधा शरणागति।।

१) भगवान के अनुकूल कर्म करना

२) भगवान के प्रतिकूल कर्म का परित्याग

३) यह विश्वास की भगवान अवश्य हमारी रक्षा करेंगे

४) भगवान से शरणागति की प्रार्थना करना, दैन्यभाव (कार्पण्यं)

५) स्वयं को कर्म, ज्ञान और भक्ति से हीन समझना (कार्पण्यं)

६) आत्मा जो की भगवान की सम्पत्ति है, भगवान को वापस सौंप देना।
कहानी: परकाल सूरी आलवार एक बार जब शालिग्राम गए थे, जहाँ विश्व का सबसे गहरा दर्रा है, उन्होंने देखा की दो कीड़े आपस में बात कर रहें हैं। पहले कीड़े ने कहा मैं दर्रे के उस पार सामने वाली पहाड़ी पे जाउँगा। दुसरे कीड़े ने मानने से इनकार कर दिया। एक कीड़े की आयु ही कितनी होती एक पहाड़ से उतरकर दूसरे पहाड़ पर चढ़ने में तो उसके कई जन्म बीत जायेंगे। दोनों में शर्त लगी। पास ही एक शेर छलाँग लगाने को था। उस कीड़े ने अपने को उसके पैरों के सामने कर लिया और वो शेर के पैर से चिपका हुआ उस पार चला गया। यही शरणागति है। सभी प्रकार से मोक्ष के अयोग्य होने के वावजूद भी अगर हम श्रीमन नारायण के चरणों का आश्रय लें तो श्रीमन नारायण अवश्य ही हमें परमपद देंगे।

टिप्पणी:- नारायण के प्रति कोई भी शरणागति बिना श्री (महालक्ष्मी माता) के पूर्ववर्ती शरणागति के सफल नहीं होती।

‘श्री’ शब्द महालक्ष्मी मैया को सूचित करता है, यह श्री सूक्तं से स्पस्ट है| हम माता महालक्ष्मी के माध्यम से भगवान नारायण की शरणागति करते हैं| वात्सल्यमयी माता (लक्ष्मीआषः ऋषिकेष: देव्या कारुण्यरुपया) अपने पुत्रों को उसके दोषों समेत अपनाती हैं और हमारे अनर्थों को नष्ट कर, भगवान के समक्ष हमारे शरणागति कि सिफारिश करती हैं| माता के इस गुण को ‘पुरुषकारत्वं’ भी कहते हैं|

श्री शब्द का निम्न ३ अर्थ बताये गए हैं:

१) श्रयते श्रीयते इति श्रियः

जो भगवान का आश्रय लेती हैं एवं जीवात्माओं को आश्रय प्रदान करती ।

२) श्रुनाती श्रावयति इति श्रियः

जो जीवात्माओं के प्रार्थनाओं को सुनती हैं एवं भगवान को सुनाती हैं (बाधा चढ़ा कर) ।

३)श्रृनाती श्रीनाति इति श्रियः

जो हमारे पापों सहित संचित कर्मों को नष्ट करके हमें निर्मल बनाती हैं एवं भगवान के करीब लाती ।

 

Ras-Krida (रास-लीला)

Excerts from various lectures and my notes.

There are various questions that people raise on Krishna’s character. today’s youth are not aware of krishna’s timeline .he was not young when he was in Vrindavan. he was a small little kid of vrindavan when he danced with gopis (7-10years differs with versions). What today’s ppl are collectively doing wrong is showing krishna in painting and daily soaps as if he was a grown up young boy which gives a wrong thought that he romanced with gopis. And even if he does ras krida there is nothing wrong in that because it was in consent of gopis. gopis themselves wanted manohar.

The gopis were actually rishis of dandakaranya so,though disguised as householders they were completely detached. They took next birth only with a dream of experiencing the madhurya of Rama (Krishna). they took next birth only with a dream of experiencing the madhurya of Rama (Krishna ).
AS per Padm Puran

/ drishtva Ramam hari tatra, bhoktumaichhan suvigraham|

te sarve stritvamapannah samudbutaasch gokule|| //

Meaning: When the Rishis of Dandkaranya wished to be the consorts of Ram, when they were filled with ‘kaam’ toward Ram; Ram assured them to be loved by him in Dwapar Yuga. The Rishis were then born near Gokul.

padm puran


 

35238988_458485871260099_3690265780810678272_n.jpg

Even Parikishit had this doubt. Let’s visit the pastime.

Ras-krida was a particular form of dance. One Krishna-one gopika, one Krishna-one gopika, they alternated. Krishna decided to perform Ras-krida, a type of dance. He invited many girls, even wives of other husbands arrived to dance with Krishna. Krishna said, “why are you here? You have your home. Mind your responsibility. Why did you come”? They replied, “We are here for you. Don’t reject us. Don’t send us away”. Krishna accepted and started dancing with them.

रास-क्रिडा एक विशेष प्रकार का नृत्य था। एक कृष्ण-एक गोपीका, एक कृष्णा-एक गोपीका, इस प्रकार वो । कृष्णा ने रास-क्रिडा, एक विशेष प्रकार का नृत्य करने का फैसला किया। उन्होंने कई लड़कियों को आमंत्रित किया, यहां तक तक ​​की अन्य पतियों की पत्नियां भी कृष्णा के साथ नृत्य करने आईं। कृष्णा ने कहा, “तुम यहाँ क्यों आयी हो? तुम्हारा आपका घर है अपनी ज़िम्मेदारी याद रखो। तुमलोग क्यों आए”? उन्होंने जवाब दिया, “हम यहां आपके लिए हैं। हमें अस्वीकार मत करो। हमें दूर मत भेजो “। कृष्ण ने उनकी प्रार्थना स्वीकार किया और उनके साथ नृत्य शुरू किया।

Quickly Parikshit asked Shukacharya, “Is it right? Can Krishna do this? Is it not wrong”?

 

Shukacharya replied, “It’s perfectly right. It’s perfectly in order. Be the gopikas or her husbands or her parents or her children; Krishna resides in everyone. It’s not her husband, parent or children but ‘Krishna-rupam’. Every aatman has Krishna as their antaryaami. Every aatman is the body of Krishna. Bhagwaan creates everything and permeates. He is omnipresent (Sarv-vyapak). He is not found in Vaikunth or ksheerabdhi alone, even Prahlaad confirms.

urvyAm asti, udakEshu cha asti, vidikshu Vayu nabhasO tiryakshu atiryakshu cha asti anta:

bahirasti sati asati vA sArEshu asArEshu vA sarvatra asti sadA asti kim bahunA tvayi asti mayi asti cha (Srimad Bhagwatam)

Meaning: the Lord was to be found on the earth, in water, in air, in the sky and in the four directions. He is ever present inside and outside all animals and others. “He is present everywhere all the time, present in you and me”, concludes Prahlada.

He is found in everyone. We all are his body. Aatma has many limbs. It has eyes, head, legs, and nose.Now see, if a girl is married to her husband, will she only love only the nose, only the ears or only the hands? Not at all. She loves all parts of her husband and husband loves all parts of her wife.

If that is not found wrong, similarly, if Parmatma is the atma, he permeates and all the the jeevatmas are part and parcel of his body, then what is wrong in aatma loving the body? When Krishna is residing inside everyone, it’s nothing wrong for him to dance with everyone. Krishna permeates (vyapaka) and we all are permeated (vyapya). So, Shukacharya clarifies, “don’t worry, there is nothing wrong in this happening”.

Afterall, when any father weds his daughter with a husband, there is a mantra, “Vishnurupaay varaay dadaami”. When every husband is Vishnu-rupa, of course, there is nothing wrong.

‘Striyam prayam itaram jagat.’ As per Vedas, Krishna is the husband of all the aatmas. He is the only Purusha. Entire prakriti is female.

So, Ras-Krida is the accepted practice for Krishna, not for us.

तुरंत परीक्षित ने शुकाचार्य से पूछा, “क्या यह सही है? क्या कृष्ण ऐसा कर सकते हैं? क्या यह गलत नहीं है “?

शुकाचार्य ने जवाब दिया, “यह बिल्कुल सही है। यह पूरी तरह से क्रम में है। गोपीका, उसके पति, उसके माता-पिता या उसके बच्चे; कृष्ण सभी में वास करते हैं। ये पति, माता-पिता या बच्चे नहीं बल्कि ‘कृष्णा-रुपम’ है। कृष्ण हर आत्मा के अन्तर्यामी हैं। हर आत्मा कृष्ण का शरीर है। भगवन सब कुछ बनाता है और पारगम्य बनाता है। वह सर्वव्यापी है। वह अकेले वैकुंठ या क्षीराब्धि में नहीं पाए जाते हैं।

वह हर किसी में पाए जाते हैं। हम सब उनके शरीर हैं।

  1. यः पृथिव्यां तिष्ठन्। पृथिव्या अन्तरो यं पृथिवी न वेद यस्य पृथिवी शरीरं यः पृथिवीमन्तरो यमयति स त आत्मान्तर्याम्यमृतः – {शतपथब्राह्मणम् १४.६.७.[७]} satpath Brahman 14.6.7 (7)

  2. य आत्मनि तिष्ठन् आत्मनोऽन्तरो यमात्मा न वेद यस्यात्मा शरीरं य आत्मानमन्तरो यमयति स त आत्मान्तर्याम्यमृतः – {शतपथब्राह्मणम् १४.६.७.[३०]}           Satpath Brahman 14.6.7 (30)    ‘जो आत्मा में स्थित होकर आत्मा की अपेक्षा भी आन्तरिक है, जिसको आत्मा नहीं जानता, आत्मा जिसका शरीर है, जो आत्मा के अन्दर रहकर उसका नियमन करता है, वह अन्तर्यामी अमृत तेरा आत्मा है।’

  1. यः सर्वेषु भूतेषु तिष्ठन्सर्वेभ्यो भूतेभ्योऽन्तरो यं सर्वाणि भूतानि न विदुः। यस्य सर्वाणि भूतानि शरीरं यः सर्वाणि भूतायन्तरो यमयति। एष त आत्मान्तर्याम्यमृतः (बृहदाअरण्यक उ0 3।7।15Brihadaranyak Upanishad 3.7.15

‘जो सब भूतों में स्थित होकर समस्त भूतों की अपेक्षा आन्तरिक है, जिसको सब भूत नहीं जानते, सब भूत जिसके शरीर हैं, तथा जो सब भूतों के अन्दर रहकर उनका नियमन करता है, वह सर्वान्तर्यामी अमृत तेरा आत्मा है।

  1. जगत् सर्वं शरीरं ते  (वालमीकि रामायण-युद्धकाण्ड-117/25)
  2. हमात्मा गुडाकेश सर्वभूताशयस्थितः। अहमादिश्च मध्यं च भूतानामन्त एव च।। गीता 10.20।।(अर्जुन! सब भूतों के हृदय में स्थ्ति आत्मा मैं हूँ और मैं ही सारे भूतों का आदि, मध्य और अन्त हूँ)।।

 

शरीर के कई अंग हैं- आंखे, सिर, पैर, नाक। क्या कोई विवाहित स्त्री अपने पति के केवल नाक, केवल कान या केवल हाथों से प्यार करेगी? बिल्कुल नहीं। वह अपने पति के सभी हिस्सों से प्यार करती है और पति अपनी पत्नी के सभी हिस्सों से प्यार करता है।

यदि यह गलत नहीं पाया जाता है, वैसे ही, अगर परमात्मा अन्तर्यामी है, वह आत्मा में प्रवेश करते हैं और सभी आत्मा उनके शरीर का अभिन्न हिस्सा हैं, तो आत्मा का शरीर से प्रेम करने में क्या गलत है? जब कृष्णा हर किसी के अंदर रहते हैं, तो उसके लिए हर किसी के साथ नृत्य करना गलत नहीं है। कृष्ण पारगम्य (व्यापाका) और हम सभी पारगम्य (व्याप्त) हैं। शुक्राचार्य ने स्पष्ट किया, “इस घटना में कुछ भी गलत नहीं है”।

आखिरकार, जब कोई पिता अपनी बेटी को पति को दान करता है, तो वैदिक मंत्र है, “विष्णुरूपाय वराय ददामि“। जब हर पति विष्णु-रूप है, तो विष्णु का गोपियों के संग नृत्य करने में निश्चित रूप से कुछ भी गलत नहीं है।वेदों के अनुसार, कृष्ण सभी जीवात्माओं के पति है। वह एकमात्र पुरुष है। पूरी प्रकृति स्त्री-स्वरुप है।

रास-क्रिडा कृष्ण के लिए स्वीकार्य अभ्यास है, न कि हमारे लिए।

There are many types of questions on the theme of Srimad Bhagwat’s Ras that people raise in today’s environment. It is described in five chapters (Ras-Panchaydani). Kamdev was very egoistic that I had not even put any less in distraction of Shankar. Although Shankar ji got angry and burnt Kamdev, the anger did not left him.  Cupid’s aspiration did not fall, but rather high. Kamdev promised that I would have got a rival. In the full moon moonlight of Autumn, the waist came tightly to fight Kamdev. Kamdev also started attacking his Krishna with his five arrows.

Shyam Sundar accepted the challenge of Cupid and defeated Kamdev so that his name became Madan-Mohan. Also, That is why at the end of the Ras-Panchaydya, it is written that by reading and meditation everyone can conquer Kaam-Dev.

रसानां समूहो रासः

श्रीमदभागवत के रास के प्रसंग पे बहुत तरह के प्रश्न आज के वातावरण में लोग करते हैं। पाँच अध्यायों में (रास-पंचाध्यायी) इसका वर्णन है। कामदेव बहुत अहंकार में था कि मैंने तो शंकर को भी विचलित करने में कोई कोर-कसर नहीं रखा था। शंकर जी यद्यपि क्रोध में आ गए और कामदेव को जला दिया पर क्रोध ने तो उनको पटक ही दिया न। कामदेव का मनोरथ गिरा नहीं बल्कि ऊँचा हो गया। कामदेव ने प्रतिज्ञा किया की मेरा जोड़ देने वाला कोई प्रतिद्वंदी मिले। शरद ऋतू की पूर्णिमा चाँदनी में कामदेव लड़ने के लिये कमर कसकर आया था। कामदेव भी अपने पाँच बाणों को लेकर श्री कृष्ण पे प्रहार करने लगा।

श्याम-सुन्दर ने कामदेव की चुनौती स्वीकार की और कामदेव को ऐसा परास्त किया कि उनका नाम हो गया मदन-मोहन। कामदेव को भी मोह देने वाला। इसलिए रास-पंचाध्यायी के अंत में लिखा है कि इसका पाठ और चिंतन करने से हर मनुष्य कामदेव पर विजय प्राप्त कर सकता है।

 

Why Can’t I do Ras if Krishna did?

Oriya baba of Vrindavan used to say, “O fools! if you want to copy Krishna, then, before Ras-nritya, there is naag-nritya, Krishna danced on 101-hooded snake. If u think that you too can enjoy Ras-nritya then at least dance over ordinary snakes. Dance over cobra”.

You face turns pale on the name of dancing on snake, but you are ready to dance with girls? Now-a-days even elders and gaurdians are dancing with their siblings on leud songs. What would be the character of younger generation?

वृन्दावन के उड़िया बाबा कहा करते थे कि तु कृष्ण को देखकर यह कहते हो हम भी रास करेंगे? अरे अभागे! रास-नृत्य से पहले है नाग-नृत्य। रास-पंचाध्यायी से पहले भगवान ने १०१ फन वाले नाग को नाथा था। नाग-लीला करने वाले को रास-लीला करने का अधिकार है। नाग लीला न सही, गेहुमना-लीला ही कर दो।  नाग-लीला करने में नानी मरती है और रास-लीला करने आगे आ जाते हो?

आजकल तो डिस्को चला है। किसको क्या कहा जाए? नृत्य करना अपराध नहीं है पर नृत्य के नाम पर फूहड़पना और बच्चों को उसमें शामिल करना, यह आने वाली पीढ़ी के लिये अभिशाप होगा, वरदान नहीं। दिलेरी दिखाना है तो कोसी के बाढ़ में, रोटी-कपड़ा के अभाव में कितने लोग मर जाते हैं, जरा उसमें दिलेरी दिखाओ। ये नहीं कि आप फूहड़पना के द्वारा छोटे-छोटे बच्चे को बिगाड़ दो।

afcb743ccb0ad75d859850d345d10a40-d2qgarv.jpg

 

Krishna was just seven years old at the time of Ras-nritya

जिस समय भगवान का रास हुआ था वृन्दावन में, उस समय उनकी आयु कितनी थी? सात वर्ष। आज भी सात-आठ वर्ष के बालकों में काम-वासना नहीं होता। आयुर्वेद भी मानता है। उसके लिये काम-से-काम १४-१५ वर्ष की आयु चाहिए। इसलिए आज के ५००० वर्ष पहले ७ वर्ष की आयु में काम-वासना का आविर्भाव हुआ, यह मत उचित नहीं है।

At the time of Ras-nritya in Vrindavan, at that time how old was his age? Seven years Even today, seven-eight-year-olds do not have sexual desire. Ayurveda also believes in affirmative. For him, minimum age should be 14-15 years old. Therefore, saying that 5000 years ago, there was an appearance of lust in the age of 7, this opinion is not appropriate.

आत्मारामो परिरवत।

जो अपनी आत्मा में रमण करते हैं। उनका नाम योग-योगेश्वर है। अखंडानंद सरस्वती का मत है कि जो कालिया नाग के विष से बेअसर है, उसके लिये कामदेव का मान-मर्दन करना कोई अतिश्योक्ति या काल्पनिक बात नहीं है।

aatmaramo parirvat.

Who who takes pleasure in his soul. His name is Yoga-Yogeshwar. He doesn’t need anything outside to experiance pleasure. Akhandanand Saraswati is of the opinion that it is not an exaggeration or a fictitious thing to say that Krishna doomed over Kaam-dev as  with the venom the Kaliya is ineffective over him.

 

 

Possible interpolation?

Another argument that Vidwans provide is that, these 5 chapters are later additions or interpolations by people like those of Sakhi-sampraday who dresses like women. Krishna, who preached karma-Yoga, can never present such an example.

Sishupala gave 101 abuses to Krishna but did not say that you danced with the other’s women. “Makhan-thief, cow-herd, woman-kidnapper” etc. – these all he said. Why such an envious enemy doesn’t mention the incident that is vastely quoted today to raise questions over the character of Krishna?

yadyadācarati śrēṣṭhastattadēvētarō janaḥ.

sa yatpramāṇaṅ kurutē lōkastadanuvartatē৷৷3.21৷৷

Whatever ‘an eminent man,’ i.e., he, who is famous for his knowledge of all the scriptures and for his observance of the scriptural dictates, performs, others who have incomplete knowledge of the scriptures will also perform, following his example.

This argument stands no ground. All the commentators on Bhagwatam has commented on the 5 chapters including Madhvacharya. Problem lies in their understanding.

विद्वानों द्वारा प्रदान किया जाने वाला एक अन्य तर्क यह है कि, इन 5 अध्यायों में बाद में जोड़ दिया गया, या हस्तक्षेप हैं जो सखी-संप्रदाय जैसे महिलाओं की तरह कपड़े पहनते वाले भक्तों ने किया है। कृष्ण, जिन्होंने कर्म-योग का प्रचार किया, कभी ऐसा उदाहरण नहीं दे सकते।

यद्यदाचरति श्रेष्ठस्तत्तदेवेतरो जनः।

स यत्प्रमाणं कुरुते लोकस्तदनुवर्तते।।3.21।।

श्रेष्ठ पुरुष जैसा आचरण करता है अन्य लोग भी वैसा ही अनुकरण करते हैं वह पुरुष जो कुछ प्रमाण कर देता है लोग भी उसका अनुसरण करते हैं।।

शिशुपाल ने भगवान को १०१ गालियाँ दी लेकिन यह नहीं कि तु दूसरे कि स्त्रियों के संग नाचने वाले हो “माखन-चोर, ग्वाला, स्त्री-हरण करने वाला”  इत्यादि कहा। कृष्ण के चरित्र पर प्रश्न उठाने के लिए इतने ईर्ष्यापूर्ण दुश्मन इस घटना का जिक्र क्यों नहीं किया, जो आजकल के लोग प्रायः उठाया करते हैं?

(Thanking my sis Tanuja for her contributions)

Gopi Geet

जब गोपियों के मन में आया कि श्रीकृष्ण तो हमारे कठपुतली हैं, जैसा नचाते हैं, वैसा नाच रहे हैं; तभी श्रीकृष्ण उनके बीच से गायब हो गए।  अब गोपियाँ व्याकुल, बिह्वल हो गयीं, खोज रहीं हैं पर खोजना व्यर्थ हो गया। भगवान कहीं मिले नहीं। बड़ा सुन्दर भाव हमारे गुरुदेव ने व्यक्त किया है:

When the Gopis came to understanding that Shri krishna is our puppet, as we dance,he is dancing like this; Then Shr ikrishna vanished from them. Now the gopis are distraught, have become disturbed, are searching, but the search was in vain. They couldn’t find Krishna anywhere. Our gurudev has expressed great beauty

दृष्टो वा कश्चित् अस्वथ?

अस्वथ नाम है पीपल के पेड़ का संस्कृत में। तिष्ठति इति थ, यानि खड़ा रहने वाला। स्व यानि सोने वाला और अस्व यानि कभी न सोने वाला। गोपियाँ ‌‍‍‌पीपल से कहति हैं, “तुम तो हमेशा खड़े रहते हो। कृष्ण अभी रास-मंडली में थे पर अब निकल गए। तुम्हें तो दूर तक दिखाई पड़ता है क्योंकि लम्बे हो न। दृष्टो वा? तुमलोगों ने देखा? नंदनंदन श्रीकृष्ण चला गया। चला भी गया तो खाली नहीं गया, हमलोगों के मन को चुराकर चला गया।

मन तो भीतर होता है, चुराया कैसे? गोपियाँ कहतीं हैं, “प्रेमहासा अवलोकनी”।पहले तो उसने प्रेम का प्रस्ताव रखा, मीठे-मीठे प्रेम भरे वचनों से हँस दिया। जब हँस दिया तो हमें भी हँसी आ गयी, हमारा मुँह खुल गया और मुँह खुलने से भीतर घुसकर मन को चुरा लिया। जैसे तालाब के बीच में खिले कमल के फूल के सौरभ/पराग को भौंरा लेकर उड़ जाता है, वैसे ही काला-काला कन्हैया हमारे मन को लेकर भाग गया। जब उद्धव जी ज्ञान देने आये थे तो गोपियों ने यही कहा था, “तुम्हारे ज्ञान की बात सुने कौन उद्धव। एक ही मन तो सबके पास होता है, उस मन को तो कन्हैया लेकर भाग गए। जब मन नहीं है, संकल्प-विकल्प करने वाला साधन नहीं है तो तुम्हारे कर्म, ज्ञान और उपासना की हमें कैसे समझ पड़ेगा? तुम्हारे उपदेश देने का कोई प्रयोजन नहीं रह गया।”

उद्धव मनन भये दस बीस

एकहूँ तो सो गयो श्याम संग, थोड़ा 

मन जिस विषय में नहीं लगेगा, उस विषय का आकरन आप नहीं कर सकते हैं। सुनने के बाद शब्द कान के द्वारा कहा जाता है? मन के पास। मन बुद्धि को पहुंचाता है और बुद्धि आत्मा से संपर्क करती है।

गीता का मनोवैज्ञानिक विश्लेषण है- “व्यक्ति जब किसी के पास कुछ पाने की आशा लेकर जाता है और वह मिल जाता है तो व्यक्ति को लोभ हो जाता है। नहीं प्राप्त हुआ तो क्रोध”। ऐसे गए गुजरे के पास गए की हमको कुछ दिया नहीं।  हर हालत में आप मनोविकार पर विजय प्राप्त नहीं कर सकते हैं। इसलिए मैंने शुरुआत में कहा था कि भीतर की लड़ाई संत लोग लड़ते हैं- काम, क्रोध, मद, लोभ, मोह, मात्सर्य से। पराजित हो जाने पर उनका संत होना सिद्ध नहीं होता। बाहर की लड़ाई तो रोज लोग लड़ रहे हैं- पद, पैसा, प्रतिष्ठा, परिवार के लिये।  पेड़ कभी जबाब देते हैं। गोपियों को जबाब नहीं मिला। श्री राम भी कहते हैं: हे खग मृग हे मधुकर श्रेणी, तुम देखी सीता मृगनयनी? यहाँ लक्ष्मण जी राम को समझा रहे हैं, वहाँ गोपियों को उद्धव जी समझा रहे हैं।

जब पीपल ने उत्तर नहीं दिया तो पलाश (पाकड़) से पूछ रही हैं। पलाश में नए-नए लाल-लाल पत्ते निकले थे। गोपियाँ कहती हैं, “ऐसा प्रतीत होता है कि तु भी रास देख रहा था। रात भरे जगे हो तभी तुम्हारी आँखे लाल-लाल हैं। किसलय को आँख समझ रही हैं। जब पलाश ने उत्तर नहीं दिया तो उलाहना देते हुए कहने लगीं, “तभी तो तुम पाप का परिणाम मिल रहा है। दिन-रात धूप में, पानी में, ठण्ड में सिकुड़ते हो”। बरगद के पास गयीं। सबके पास गयीं पर निराशा के सिवा कुछ न मिला। जब जीव परमात्मा की खोज में व्याकुल हो जाता है, व्याकुलता के बाद भी सफल नहीं होता है; जब अनाथ होकर रोने लग जाता है तो निश्चय ही परमात्मा की प्राप्ति हो जाती है। जब गोपिकाएं विह्वल होकर रोने लग जाती हैं, भाव-विभोर हो जातीं हैं तो श्याम-सुन्दर अचानक प्रकट हो जाते हैं। जब काम में व्यस्त माँ बच्चे पर ध्यान नहीं देती है तो बच्चा कुछ नहीं करता बस रोने लग जाता है। जब रोते हुए बच्चे को देख माँ सारे काम को छोड़कर दौड़ आती है, तो उस माँ से कई गुना अधिक वात्सल्यमय परमात्मा क्यों नहीं आयेंगे? आप ह्रदय से रोयें। पत्नी और बेटे के वियोग में रोते हो, पैसा-मोबाइल खो जाए तो रोते हो पर परमात्मा के लिये कहाँ कभी रोते हो? कभी ह्रदय से रोकर देखो। जिस दिन तेरे ह्रदय से करुण पुकार निकलेगी, परमात्मा निश्चय तेरे पास होंगे।

Prapatti (Sharnagati) Part 2

We have practicle experiances that even a mean boss who is hard-taskmaster and gives salaray to his employees only after hard work; he too gives a begger some alms when he fall on his legs. Thus if we too, fall on the feet of Narayana, who himself is the ocean of compassion, saying that I have no other means, no any other way; now you be my means (upaay) and way; he would definitly provide himself to us

Aparadha sahasra bhajanam patitam bhimabavarnavavodare |
Agatim saranagatim hare krupaya kevalamatmasat kuru || (Strot Ratna. 48)

Oh my saviour who eliminates the sorrows! I am the abode of countless faults, am fallen in the terrible ocean of samsAra (material realm), have no other refuge and declare to be surrendered unto you; by your mercy only, you should accept me as yours.

(http://divyaprabandham.koyil.org/index.php/2017/02/sthothra-rathnam-48/)

For reading Part 1 of the discussion:

Prapatti (Sharnagati) Part 1

Sadhan Bhakti-Yoga vs Prapatti

Those practicing Sadhan Bhakti-Yoga are under constant stress that whether they would be able to achieve Bhakti or Moksh or not. Am I capable of reaching the destination or not. Have I cleared my Karmas or not?

However, those who choose the path of Sarnagati, are in peace and confidence that Bhagwaan would definitely shower his causeless mercy. They have already accepted that they are completely useless and helpless. So, they don’t perform any action as a means to get the destination.

Krishna, throughout the Bhagwat Gita, preached Karm-Yoga, Gyaan-Yoga, Bhakti-Yoga. But, Arjun found himself unable to practice them. In Bhakti-Yoga, constant remembrance is required just like oil tipping from a larger vessel to the smaller vessel.

Satatam kirtayanto maam..

सततं कीर्तयन्तो मां यतन्तश्च दृढव्रताः। नमस्यन्तश्च मां भक्त्या नित्ययुक्ता उपासते।।BG 9.14।।

Further, last minute remembrance is essential.

anta-kāle ca mām eva smaran muktvā kalevaram 

अन्तकाले च मामेव स्मरन्मुक्त्वा कलेवरम्। यः प्रयाति स मद्भावं याति नास्त्यत्र संशयः।।8.5।।

However, for a Sharnagat, last minute remembrance is not required. Bhagwaan takes care of him, as it’s his responsility now to transfer the Sharnaagat just like a mother cat transfers her baby.

Varadraaj Perumal himself assured Bhagwat Ramanuj. Further, Varah Bhagwaan in his Varaah-Charam shloka, assures the prapannas:

Varaah Charam Shloka

Sthite manasi susvasthe shareere sati yo narahaa lDhaatu-saamye sthite smartaa Vishwaroopam ca Maamajam llTatas-tam mriyamaaNam tu kaashtta paashaaNa sannibham lAham smaraami madbhaktam nayaami paramaam gatim ll

 

If anyone thinks of Me, when the mind is sound (sthite manasi),with the body in good health (suswasthe shareere), and with allmental and physical faculties working perfectly and intact (dhaatusaamye sthite) – thinks that I am indeed the very cause of thisuniverse (or the form of this universe, vishwaroopam), that I amwithout birth (ajam) – then I assure (You, Devi) that I will remember this devotee of Mine when he/she is on his/her death bed, lying (helplessly) like a stone or a log of wood, and  personally take him/her to the Supreme Abode.

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Pic: Bhu-Varaah Swami

Lord Rama too  assures that if an aatman surrenders just for ONCE, he takes care of him

Ram Charam shlok:

Sakrud eva prapannaaya tavaasmeeti ca yaacate l

Abhayam sarva bhootebhyo dadaamyetad vratam ma-ma ll

To all those beings that fully seek My shelter and plead for Mymercy, and say I am yours, I shall certainly offer My protection toall of them. This is My vow.

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Lord Krishna too assures at the end of Bhagwat Gita (18.66) that it’s his responsibility to transfer the devotee to the Supreme Abode.

Krishna Charam shlok:

Sarva dharmaan parityajya maam ekam sharaNam vraja l

Aham tvaam sarva paapebhyo mokshayishyaami maa shucahaa l

Relinishing all Dharmas means the complete relinishment of the sense of agency, possessiveness, fruits etc., in the practising of Karma, Jnana and Bhakti Yogas in the way instructed, and the realising of Me as the agent, object of worship, the means and the end.  If you practise such abandonment of the sense of agency and fruits, I will release you from all ‘sins’ – i.e., I will release you from all evil incompatible with the attainment of Myself, consisting of innumerable acts of the nature of doing what ought not to be done and not doing what ought to be done. These piled up from beginningless times from the obstruction in the way. Grieve not, you should not despair; for I shall release you from all these obstructions.

(@ githa.koyil.org)

Who can be a Sharnagat?

One who possess these two qualities can be a Sharnagat:

1) Akinchanyam, Ananya-gatitvam: Thinking oneself to be helpless, not able to reach Bhagwaan on his own and nor anyone other than Bhagwaan can help him/her.

Thinking that if I was able to protect myself or reach the supreme abode on myself, I could have done it thousand births earlier. So, I am helpless.

It’s difficult to accept our defeat first of all that I can’t protect myself. A Sharnagat must shed these 3 things:

  • Ahankaar: Thinking body to be self.
  • Mamkaar: Thinking that I am the doer or everything belongs to me.
  • Swantriyam: Thinking that I belong to myself. I would enjoy my life.

2) Mahavishwaas: Absolute faith that Bhagwaan will definitely save me.

Now, suppose we have taken a lift, then we would have to faith the lift and the liftman. Have you not had faith, you could have used stairs. Onus to reach me upstairs shifts to the lift and I become a non-performer. The lift is Sharnagati and the liftman is Acharya.

 

Who can be a Sharanya?

One who possess these two qualities can be a Sharnaya (to whom sharnagati is performed)

1) Paratvam (Supremacy): No is parallel to him in the might.

2) Saulabhyam (Accessibility): One who can be easily approached?

It’s our general experience that one who has Paratvam e.g President; don’t have Saulabhyam. One who has saulabhyam e.g. our neighbor; don’t have Paratvam.

Bhagwaan has Paratvam since none is equal to him. (naa tasya pratima asti).  Along with Paratvam, Bhagwaan possess Saushelyam as well. He is present as Archa form in various divya-desham e.g. Tirumala, Sri-Rangam, Badrinaath, Rameshwaram etc. he is present inside every one of us. Infact none is as much closer to us as Bhagwaan is.

 

Obstacles in Sharnagati:

1) Bhaagwat-apcharam: Offence toward Vaishnavas.Never hurt or speak bad of devotees. This is a simple condition. Come on, if you’re humane, you actually shouldn’t hurt or speak bad of anyone, no matter you do prapatti or not

2) Anya-devata Paratva buddhi: Thinking other devtaas to be of the level of Narayan and considering them as upaay. (Stick to one krishna and forget about all others. It’s actually very relieving and convenient).

Swamy Desikan says in vairagya panchakam, For a sri vaishnava wat ever lord gives or make available for them he/she should satisfy with that. They should not approach other beings who are similar to them (anya devata brahma, siva, sakthi, indra and so on, they too are jeevathmas). Workshiping them is not a true nature of jeevathma, which is being shesha to Narayanan alone.

Pilla Lokacharya too says “Bhagavath seshathvathilum anya sheshathvam kazhigaye pradhanam”.

 

In Sharnagati,  Bhakti or Bhagwat-Prem is pure

Sri Ramanuj explains the Kathopanishad (1.2.23) mentions the word प्रियतमन् i.e. The person who is a refugee will have more devotion on Lord than one practices Sadhan Bhakti-Yoga.  Hence, the supreme being’s love toward him is more than an Upasaka.

This is well explained by Pillai Lokacharya in Sri Vachan Bhushan Meemansa bhasya. Normally, one who practices a Sadhana, he will have love towards that means. But, that is not in the case of a refugee. Noramally, an Sharanagat  takes refuse in Lord both as Upaay (means) and Upey (destination). For a refugee, both means and destination is only Supreme being and will have devotion toward him only. He has no other means than the Supreme being. Thus, an Upasaka may be प्रियतर: not प्रियतम:

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Q) Why would Bhagwaan be our Upaay?

Bhagwaan is ever ready to be our Upaay. His mercy is causeless i.e. flows without any cause.

सेयं देवतैक्षत हन्ताहमिमास्तिस्रो देवता अनेन जीवेनात्मनानुप्रविश्य नामरूपे व्याकरवाणीति ॥ (Chhandogya Upanishad 6.3.2)

Entering into them with this living self, let me evolve names and forms. Here, हंत means means pity or kripa or mercy. The sentient being has no knowledge and power to request the supreme being till it enters into a body. Hence, Supreme being, out of his ‘nirhetuk kripa’, provides body to the aatmas so that they can perform Bhakti or Sarnagati.

Thus, the Supreme being’s mercy is raining continuously but we have applied umbrella above over our head. Due this umbrella or Barrier the rain i.e. Bhagwat-Kripa is not reaching us.

What’s that Umbrella?

Our Ahankaar or ego is the umbrella. Our belief that we can protect ourself on our own, that we belong to our bodily relations and that we can enjoy independent from Bhagwaan is the barrier.

Thus, Narayan is the cloud, his mercy is the rains and our Ahankaar, Mam-kaar and Swatantriyam is the umbrella which is stopping the mercy of Bhagwaan to reach us.

One of the ‘kalyaan-gunas’ of Narayan is Vatsalyam. Just like a mother cow cleans the dirt of her baby by licking through her lips, she don’t care for the dirt lying on the body of the calf. Similarly, Bhagwaan too ignores the karmas of his Sharnagatas. He himself cleans the jeevatma of his past Karma and provide him his intimate love or Bhakti.

Sudarshan Suri comments:

यद्वा स्वतः प्रियत्वं वरणीयत्वं च स्वस्मिन् प्रीतिमत एव|

To a person who takes refuge in the Supreme being, as ordained in Vedant, for his own fruitation he will have intense bhakti and love toward supreme being.

 

Q) Is Sharnagati an Upaayam (Means)?

Ans: No. In real sense, Sharnagati is just an requirement (Vyacham); not means. Means is Bhagwaan himself.

In Sarnagati. **Narayan is the tattva, Narayana is the means and Narayana is the destination.**

सियाराम ही उपाय हैं, सियाराम ही उपेय हैं|

 

Q) Who can surrender to Narayana?

Ans: Anyone can surrender, regardless of caste, Zender and birth.

मां हि पार्थ व्यपाश्रित्य येऽपि स्युः पापयोनयः।

स्त्रियो वैश्यास्तथा शूद्रास्तेऽपि यान्ति परां गतिम् ।। (Gita 9.32)

“Women, Vaisyas and Sudras, and even those who are of sinful birth, can attain the supreme state by taking refuge in Me. How much? – more then the well-born Brahmanas and royal sages who are devoted to me! Therefore, roayl sage that you are, do worship Me, as you have come to this transient and joyless world stricken by the threefold afflictions. Sri Krsna now describes the nature of Bhakti:”।

( Ramayan Yuddhkand 18.34)

आनयैनं हरिश्रेष्ठ दत्तमस्याभयं मया।

विभीषणो वा सुग्रीव यदि वा रावणः स्वयं।।

O Monkey-king Sugreev! Even if he either Vibhisan or, Ravan himself, let him come. I would grant him Surrender.

Prapatti can be done by anyone.

Pillai lokacharya has beautifully shown in his works as to who all performed prapatti and for what reasons. Draupadi did prapatti for clothes. Gajendra performed prapatti for service. Kalinga (or kaliya) and kaakasura (jayanta) performed prapatti for saving their lives, and so on. The range of fruits is wide, and the number of souls who perform prapatti for those fruits are unlimited.

Pillai lokacharyar broadly categorizes the souls into three categories for showing their ‘dislikes’ and ‘likes’. He says ‘bubhukshu’s (material minded souls) do not like diseases or difficulties (in other words, that is their ‘anishtam’). They are happy with food and other material/physical enjoyments (that is their istham). Similarly, ‘mumukshu’s (souls seeking liberation) do not like material enjoyments. Their liking is eternal service to the Lord at Sri Vaikuntham. The ‘nitya’s and ‘mukta’s (liberated and ever-liberated souls) do not like any hurdles in their eternal service. Their liking is in uninterrupted service to the Lord in all ways possible. Prapatti can be done for any of these fruits, and that was shown with several examples.

So as mumukshus, we (Sri Vaishnavas wanting to be liberated from the cycles of births and deaths and perform eternal service to the Lord at Sri Vaikuntham) perform prapatti for moksha (that involves kainkaryam or eternal service to the Lord). In other words, we give up the onus of protecting ourselves (effort to reach moksha) and let Bhagavan do that for us more effectively. This comes in the wake of realizing our true natures as being subservient to Bhagavan, and more so, being His sole properties.

(Credit for info: http://qr.ae/TUptx2)

Q) Does Sarnagati means abstaining from work and being idle?

Ans: Krishna never adviced to leave work. In fact, all through the Gita, he has always advised to perform our Niyat Karma.

Sharnagati is less physical or Vocal and more mental. Mentally we have to leave the thought that we are the doer and our work would lead us to our destination. In fact, the prapannas like Ramanuj and Vedant Desika worked much more than what we could. Vibhishan too didn’t sit idle after Sharnagati. He was involved in his Karma.

The ‘nivritti’ is mental, not vocal or physical.

A Sharnagat or Prapanna performs Karm-Yoga but don’t desire any fruit out of it. He performs Gyaan-Yoga but desire Kaivalya moksha out of it. He performs Bhakti-Yoga but don’t desire moksham out of his performance of Bhakti.

Why?

Since, he has already accepted that he is completely helpless and dependent on Bhagwat-Kripa.

Hanuman was bound in the Brahmastra of Indrajeet. They Rakshas army, who were enough tormented by the utpaat of Hanuman, perceived it as an opportunity and tied Hanuman with ropes. Watching this insult, Brahmastra faded away.

Similarly, one who has sought Prapatti, should not indulge in any lower means like Karma, gyaan and Bhakti-Yoga.

 

Q) If Bhagwaan is showering his mercy on everybody, why is someone in merry and other in grief?

Ans: This is enlightened in Brahm-Sutra (2.1.34)

वैषम्यनैघृण्ये न सापेक्षत्वात्

There is not inequality and cruelty, on the account of there being regard to Supreme Being, for so declares.

Here, Sri Ramanuj beautifully cleared the doubts by quoting Brihadaranyak Upanishad (6.4.5)

साधुकारी सधुर्भवती पापकारी पापो भवति पुण्यः पुण्येन कर्मण भवति पापः पापेन कर्मणा|

means: He who performs good works becomes good, he who performs bad works becomes bad. He becomes pure by pure deeds, bad by bad deeds . There is no chance of partiality or lack of compassion of Supreme being.

The connection of individual souls with bodies of different kinds, depends upon karma of those souls.

 

All these requisites of saranagati is complete in Krishna Charma-shloka itself.

Sarva dharmaan parityajya maam ekam sharaNam vraja l

Aham tvaam sarva paapebhyo mokshayishyaami maa shucahaa ll (*BG 18.66)

  • (sarva dharman): The virtues that are to be renounced – Karm, Gyaan and Bhakti-Yoga.
  • (parityajya): The way to renounce
  • (maam): The object of surrender
  • (ekam): The truth that Krishna is the ONLY means and not even Sharnagati
  • (saranam): The upayama – Krishna’s lotus feet
  • (vraja): Accept absolutely and belief that Krishna is the upayam
  • (aham): Krishna – the supreme granter
  • (tvam): Jiva the beneficiary
  • (sarva paapebhyo): The benefit- (removal of sins)
  • (mokshayishyami): The benefit- (moksh-prapti)
  • (maa sucha): Command to be relieved of concern.