The Bhagwan who is sarveshwara, Lord of all and niratishaya-anand-yuktah (possessor of infinite anandam/bliss) is forever served by infinite nitya jeevatmas in Sri Vaikuntham.
tad viс╣гс╣Зoс╕е paramam padaс╣Г sad─Б pa┼Ыyanti s┼лrayaс╕е (Rig Veda)
The suris (nitya-aatmas) are always looking towards the highest abode of Vishnu. Are they only looking? It’s upalakshanam for kainkaryam (service). The anubhavam leads to preeti or bhakti and which in turn compels the jeevatma to do loving service for the happiness of Bhagwan. The whole intension of this kainkaryam is not the self-happiness but to bring smile on the face of bhagwan. Thus, it is called ‘bhagwad-anubhav-janeeta-preetikaarita-kainkaryam‘.
Swami AlvandAr says in stotra ratnam that infinite eternally blemishless jeevatmas (nitya suris) are forever ready with the instruments for your service, whose sole delight consists in being spontaneously devoted to your service.
Forever, Bhagwan is united with her consorts (Sri, Bhu and Nila are the pradhaan maheeshis) and experiencing the divine rasam:
The four auspicious arms have the rough scars of the bowstring, and which speak of their contact with the crest-lily, the ear-ornament and the loose curls of the braid of your beloved. (Indicates loving aalingan of the divya dampati.)
Thus, the bhagwan, who is forever enjoying divine union with mahishis, served by infinite nitya jeevatmas, why does he feels being alone? Vedas says: Sa EkAkI na ramatE. He doesn’t like to be alone.
the тАЬSatтАЭ wished that тАЬI become the multitudinous (expanded-StUla) chit and achit tatvas ie., the universeтАЭ. The тАЬSatтАЭ became many, as it wished. This is тАЬSatтАЩsтАЭ first Sankalpam (Wish).
Though Rama is served by Lakshmana whose *sheshatvam and paaratantriyam is of no match and loving wife Sita, he feels very lonely in absence of Bharata. He goes on to say to Lakshmana, that when shall I meet YOU, though he is very taking bath with him in Godavari. It shows that in the pain of separation of Bharata and Shatrughna, Rama couldn’t relish the association of lakshmana.
(The Sheshatvam of lakshmana is extolled in the verse: рднрд╡рд╛рдВрд╕реНрддреБ рд╕рд╣ рд╡реИрджреЗрд╣реНрдпрд╛ рдЧрд┐рд░рд┐рд╕рд╛рдиреБрд╖реБ рд░рдВрд╕реНрдпрддреЗред рдЕрд╣рдВ рд╕рд░реНрд╡рдВ рдХрд░рд┐рд╖реНрдпрд╛рдорд┐ рдЬрд╛рдЧреНрд░рдд рд╕реНрд╕реНрд╡рдкрддрд╢реНрдЪ рддреЗредред2.31.25редред, while, his paaratantriyam is extolled in the verse: рдкрд░рд╡рд╛рдирд╕реНрдорд┐ рдХрд╛рдХреБрддреНрд╕реНрде рддреНрд╡рдпрд┐ рд╡рд░реНрд╖рд╢рддрдВ рд╕реНрдерд┐рддреЗред рд╕реНрд╡рдпрдВ рддреБ рд░реБрдЪрд┐рд░реЗ рджреЗрд╢реЗ рдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрддрд╛рдорд┐рддрд┐ рдорд╛рдВ рд╡рджредред3.15.7редред. What to say of Seeta: рддреБрд▓реНрдп рд╢реАрд▓ рд╡рдпреЛ рд╡реГрддреНрддрдореН рддреБрд▓реНрдп рдЕрднрд┐рдЬрди рд▓рдХреНрд╖рдгрдореН | рд░рд╛рдШреЛ рдЕрд░реНрд╣рддрд┐ рд╡реИрджреЗрд╣рд┐рдо рддрдо рдЪ рдЗрдпрдореН рдЕрд╕рд┐рдд рдИрдХреНрд╖рдгрд╛)
Sri Lokacharya swami tells in Mumukshupadi that just like a parent who is living with 3 children is forever worried about his fourth children living away from him (or, in opposition to him) and doesn’t enjoy the association of the three children in the pain of separation of his fourth child; similarly bhagwan though forever served by nitya suris and Mahalakshmi, is forever worried about his children i.e. us who are in opposition to him and in turn suffering in sansaar saagaram. Furthur, he says that a child was in opposition to his parents and left the home. The compassionate parents still arranged for his food, cloths and stay quietly in the night-stay-home on his way. Similarly, Bhagwan is also taking care of all the jeevatmas, even those who are against him, turned away for him; out of his compassion.
Bhagwan started the creation with the hope that Jeevatmas will utilise this opportunity to shackle the prakriti-sambandham and come back to his abode. Thus, creation itself is an outcome of compassion of Bhagwan. Before the creation, jeevatma were lying without gyaanam, limbs or sense organs. It lies just like an achetana. Seeing them, bhagwan gets full of compassion and creates samsaram with the purushakaaram of Mahalakshmi.
However, jeevatmas fail to utilise this opportunity, and he keeps on adding Vaasana and Ruchi. As a result of Vasana and Ruchi, he indulges in prakriti-sambandham, does papas and punyas, and in turn develops even more Vaasana and Ruchi, which furthur impels him to do karma, and thus Avidya keeps on increasing. Bhagwan feels that it’s need of the hour to put a brake his vaasanas and ruchis or else he will keep on falling into samsara-sagara. Thus, bhagwan dissolves the creation. Thus, pralaya/dissolution is also an act of compassion of bhagwan.
Q. If Bhagwan is compassionate, how can he be a creator of a samsara full of sorrows? There is a differentiation of rich and poor etc. Doesn’t it make Bhagwan cruel?
Q. Bhagwan is said to be dosha-mukta (blemish-less). In your Siddhanta, Bhagwan is feeling sorrow for the state of baddha jeevatmas and delighted about getting them on the right path. Doesn’t it bring dosha to Bhagwan? How can anandaghana bhagwan feel sorrow? How does something else make him delighted?
Reply: Bhagwaan feeling sorrow seeing the plight of a jeevatma is an outcome of his compassion. It’s a form of his daya. Getting pain or pleasure from the karma or prakriti-sambandha only brings blemishes. That’s not the case here. Bhagwan’s sorrow isn’t prakruta or born from three gunas of prakriti but from his own sankalpam.
In Sri Ramayanam, maharshi valmiki tells a quality of Bhagwan:
рд╡реНрдпрд╕рдиреЗрд╖реБ рдордиреБрд╖реНрдпрд╛рдгрд╛рдВ рднреГрд╢рдВ рднрд╡рддрд┐ рджреБрдГрдЦрд┐рддрдГред рдЙрддреНрд╕рд╡реЗрд╖реБ рдЪ рд╕рд░реНрд╡реЗрд╖реБ рдкрд┐рддреЗрд╡ рдкрд░рд┐рддреБрд╖реНрдпрддрд┐ред 2.2.40редред He grieves profoundly whenever people are afflicted by misfortunes and rejoices like a father on festive occasions.
Thus, the sorrow and happiness of Sarveshwara out of compassion are his gunam and never a dosha. In fact, if some mighty person lacks the feeling of sorrow on seeing the plight of his subjects, it brings dosham (blemish) to him. How can someone be a rakshaka (protector) if he lacks these? In Sri Ramayanam, when Rama saw the plight of tapasvi rishis in Dandaka forest, he was filled with grief and lifted his bow to take a vow that he will eliminate the demon clan from the entire Dandaka Forest. Of course, it was disliked by Sita but that’s another aspect that highlights the vatsalya of a mother. Infact she herself was delighted later when Rama used his bow to eliminate the mighty army of Khara single-handedly (рддрдВ рджреГрд╖реНрдЯреНрд╡рд╛ рд╢рддреНрд░реБрд╣рдиреНрддрд╛рд░рдВ рдорд╣рд░реНрд╖реАрдгрд╛рдВ рд╕реБрдЦрд╛рд╡рд╣рдореНред рдмрднреВрд╡ рд╣реГрд╖реНрдЯрд╛ рд╡реИрджреЗрд╣реА рднрд░реНрддрд╛рд░рдВ рдкрд░рд┐рд╖рд╕реНрд╡рдЬреЗредред3.30.39редред). Let’s see the sorrow of Rama when he saw the plight of the ascetics of Dandakaaranya:
Be pleased that brahmins like you have approached me while I should have come to you has put me to shame immeasurable.
Rama’s grief for Seeta is mentioned by Hanuman:
рдЕрдирд┐рджреНрд░рд╕реНрд╕рддрддрдВ┬а рд░рд╛рдордГ рд╕реБрдкреНрддреЛSрдкрд┐ рдЪ рдирд░реЛрддреНрддрдордГред┬а ┬а ┬а ┬а ┬а ┬а ┬а ┬а ┬а ┬а ┬а ┬а ┬а ┬а ┬а ┬а ┬а ┬а ┬ард╕реАрддреЗрддрд┐ рдордзреБрд░рд╛рдВ рд╡рд╛рдгреА рд╡реНрдпрд╛рд╣рд░рди рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рдмреБрдзреНрдпрддреЗредред Ram , best of men ,has no sleep , usually . And even when he sleeps, he wakes up uttering the sweet words `Sita , Sita .
Ramayana Sundarakandam 34.52
Bhagwan’s efforts to gain the Jeevatma
As per shastras, the Jeevatma belongs to Bhagwan. The jeevatma is the property of Bhagwan and its inherent nature is to be dependent on bhagwan and being subservient to Bhagwan. Thus, it’s the owner who makes efforts to gain his possession and not vice versa. Similarly, Bhagwan is making efforts or sankalpam to gain the jeevatmas.
What’s easier? We reaching bhagwan through our efforts or Bhagwan achieving us through his sankalpam? Certainly, the latter one. Even in loka, we can observe that reaching the sun is difficult while the sun can reach us easily. So, what’s to be done on the part of a jeevatma? What bhagwan expects from us is just the reciprocation of his efforts to gain us. Unless we acknowledge and reciprocate, the sankalpam of Bhagwan won’t work.
Let’s take an example. A person is stuck in the flood water, and fortunately, he got the rescuers to save him. They dropped a rope and told the person to hold tight and he would rescue him. What’s the expectation of the rescuer? He just wishes the person to accept him as upaaya (Means) and follow his instructions. is holding of rope on the part of the person is the means to be rescued? Certainly not. It’s just reciprocation to the efforts of the rescuer and in any case, it’s rescuer who is means for the person to get out of flood.
Now suppose, the person accepts the instruction of the rescuer, but he thinks that he should make some efforts from his end as well and starts putting his hands randomly in the water. Now, aren’t his efforts to swim a hindrance to the efforts of the rescuer? Similarly, a jeevatma who is fully surrendered to bhagwan, should be paratantra like achetana and should not make efforts from his end to rescue himself.
Let’s discuss the other details in Part 2 of the post
(Note: The language of the translation is kept very simple and informal intentionally, and standard scholarly language has been avoided.). (Apologies for grammatical errors.)
Baddha Jeeva is sleeping (slumber) out of ignorance anaadi Maya. This Maya is Eternal (without any beginning) and thus, the bondage of the jeevatma is also eternal. As a result of the sambandham with the Maya (anaadi-achit-sambandham), the Jeevatma has been sleeping since time immemorial. The Jnana of the Baddh Jeevatma* has diminished (рдЕрдирд╛рджрд┐рдорд╛рдпрдпрд╛ рд╕реБрдкреНрдд:). (The very nature of prakriti is to conceal the knowledge. Since the jeevatma is associated with achit shareeram, the gyaanam of the jeevatma has got concealed)
“рдЖрддреНрдорд╕реНрд╡рд░реВрдкрдВ рдкреНрд░рдХреГрддреЗ: рдкрд░рдВ рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдирд╛рдирдВрджрдордпрдВ” The Aatma is devoid of the knowledge that I am different from the Prakriti and superior to it. My Swaroopa is of Jnanam and Aanandam (he is of the nature of knowledge and bliss). (рднрдЧрд╡рджрдирдиреНрдпрд╛рд░реНрд╣рд╢реЗрд╖рдордЬрд╛рдирдиреНрддреЛ). Out of ignorance, the Atma is unaware that he is subservient exclusively to Bhagawan Narayana. He is not eligible to serve anyone other than Bhagawan. He belongs neither to others, nor even to himself.
(*Baddha Jeevatma:- The jeevatma are categorized into three categories: Nitya, mukta, and Baddha. Nitya jeevatmas are those who had never been associated with samsara bandhan, while muktamas are those who were in the samsara earlier and now achieved Moksham due to the causeless mercy of Bhagwan, and now they are sitting in the goshthi of nitya jeevatmas. Baddh Jeevatmas has always been to the samsara, since time immemorial, and is tormented by the three modes of prakriti. They are again divided into mumukshu (one desirous of moksham) and bhubhukshu (one desirous of enjoying vishayanubhamas)
As a result of this Eternal Prakriti-sambandham, the Jeevatma identifies itself with the body. E.g., the body is Devta, the body is Manushya, Tiryaka, etc but the Aatma identifies itself as Devta, Manushya, Tiryaka etc. The meaning of “I” is taken as Devta, Manushya, etc. (рджреЗрд╡реЛрд╜рд╣рдВ рдордиреБрд╖реНрдпреЛрд╜рд╣рдореН). (He performs all the actions for the fulfillment of body and nothing for the self)
After the adhyayana of Shaashtraas and Updesha of Acharyas, somehow the knowledge evolves in him that I am different from the body. I take the bodies of deva, manushya, tiryaka, sthaavar etc.
Still, as a consequence of the anaadi-achit-Sambandham, i.e., Maya, he falls into Swaatantraya-abhimaanam, i.e., he feels himself as Swatantra (independent) and not as Paratantra (dependent) on Bhagavan. Instead of considering himself shesha* to Bhagavan, he thinks that I am Swatantra i.e., I am the enjoyer of myself. (рдИрд╢реНрд╡рд░реЛрд╣рдорднреЛрдЧреА) I am the owner, and I shall enjoy the bhogas.
*Shesha is defined in Mimansa as “Shesha: paraarthtvaat”. One who exists of his master is Shesha. Bhagwad Ramanuja furthur refines this meaning, “paragata atishaya aadhaanechhaya upaadeyatvam yasya swarupam, sa shesh:, parah sheshi” i.e. one whose swarupam is to do atishaya to his master (doing something for his pleasure or adding to his glory) is shesha. The other is Sheshi.
Even if he gets the Sheshtva Gnana (рд╕рддреНрдпрдкрд┐ рд╢реЗрд╖рддреНрд╡рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдиреЗ) i.e., he is subservient to Bhagavan (I am not Swatantra; I am Paratantra to Bhagavan), he utilizes his knowledge in achieving the Apraapya Vishayas i.e. the bhogams which are not befitting to his swarupam (e.g, doing service to loukika people, or devatantaram, etc.). He engages himself in achieving those bhogas, the vishayas (shabd, sparsha, rupa, rasa, gandha are the panch-vishayas).
(The first pit is Dehaatma buddhi, the second is Swaatantrya buddhi and the third is Anya-sheshatvam. Even if one crosses one pit, he gets trapped in the next.)
рдПрд╡рдореН
рдпреЛрд╜рдиреНрдпрдерд╛ рд╕рдиреНрддрдорд╛рддреНрдорд╛рдирдордиреНрдпрдерд╛ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рдкрджреНрдпрддреЗ ред
Aatma is shesha to Bhagavan, but it considers itself to be the shesha of sansarikas and achetan objects. Due to this anyathaa pratipatti (considering the nature of aatma differently), what a great sin he is doing! He has done the greatest paapam since he has done the Apaharanam (the kidnapping) of its Aatma-swaroopam, which is a property of bhagwan. What other Paap (sin) is left for him to commit? i.e., he has committed all the sins. The aatmapahaara is the root of all the paapams and consequently, he gets engaged in temporary and meagree vishanya-anubhams (sensual pleasures).
(The punishment for theft is decided on two bases: (a) the value of the object the thief has acquired and (b) the position of the possessor, whose object has been stolen. Here, we have taken the dearest object of Sarveshwara, the greatest person. Also, we have stolen the most valuable object.)
NOTE
(samyak gyanam: Knowing the object as it is correctly along with it’s attribute.
Anyatha Gyaanam: identifying the object correctly but making the wrong identification of the attributes of the object. (E.g., mistaking the white dhoti as yellow dhoti).
Vipareeta gyaanam: Identifying the object itself wrong e.g., mistaking shell as silver or rope as snake).
рд╡рд┐рдЪрд┐рддреНрд░рд╛ рджреЗрд╣рд╕рдВрдкрддреНрддрд┐рд░реАрд╢реНрд╡рд░рд╛рдп рдирд┐рд╡реЗрджрд┐рддреБрдореН ред
рдЗрддреНрдпреБрдХреНрддрдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░реЗрдг рдХрд░рдгрдХрд▓реЗрд╡рд░рд╡рд┐рдзреБрд░рд╛ рднреЛрдЧрдореЛрдХреНрд╖рд╢реВрдиреНрдпрд╛ рдЕрдЪрд┐рджрд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖рд┐рддрд╛ рдмрджреНрдзрд╛рддреНрдорд╛рдирд╕реНрддрд┐рд╖реНрдардиреНрддрд┐ ред
In Pralaya Kala (during deluge), the Aatma remains without any body, limbs or the Dharmabhoota Gnanam (the attributive knowledge). It was just like Jada Padartham/Achita Tattva. Seeing that, the Paramatma, ShrimanNarayana, has given a very mysterious wealth (vichitra-sampatti), i.e., the Deh/Shareera (body) to the Jeevatma. Why has He given this? (рдИрд╢реНрд╡рд░рд╛рдп рдирд┐рд╡реЗрджрд┐рддреБрдореН ) To do aatma-nivedana to Bhagavan (Ishvara), to surrender itself to Bhagavan. (Thus, such a great wealth in the form of Shareera is given to a Jeevatma, so that it can perform sharanagati to Bhagavan, but the Jeevatma who is devoid of this knowledge remains as he was earlier, being entangled in the samsaara just like Jada padartham.)
Thus, not utilizing the wealth given by Bhagwan, the baddha aatmas remain without Karana and Kalevara (body and limbs), just like Achit.
Seeing the Jeevatma in the state of helplessness in the Pralaya kaalam, being without any Kaarana or Kalevara, (without any Indriyaas, body, attributive knowledge, and lying just like Jada Padartham/Achit Tattva), out of His dayaa (compassion), Bhagavan gives them a Shareera.
Why?
He gives the Jeevatma a body as an instrument/means, so that they can perform Sharanagati/Samaashrayanam at the lotus feet of Bhagavan. However, the Jeevatma, even after getting the body/ujjeevanam, does not perform Samaashrayan of Bhagavan.
Shathakopa Azhwar says, (рддреНрд╡рджрддреНрдд рд╢рд░реАрд░ рдорд╛рд░реНрдЧреЗ рднреНрд░рдорд╛рдореА) “Oh Bhagavan! The body that you have given me for Aatmakalyaanam, I am misusing it and wandering from one body to another.“
Bhagavan has given us a boat so that we can go out of this Samsaara. But what did the Jeevatma do? Instead of utilizing it to go out of the ocean, it was misused to enter it even deeper. (рдкрд╛рд░рдВ рдЧрдиреНрддреБрдВ рджрддреНрддрдВ рдкреНрд▓рд╡рдорд╛рд░реБрд╣реНрдп рдкреНрд░рд╡рд╛рд╣рдорд╛рд░реНрдЧреЗрдг рд╕рдореБрджреНрд░рдВ┬ардкреНрд░рд╡рд┐рд╢рдиреНрдд) So now, using the boat (i.e., body), the Jeevatma enters the endless cycle of birth, death, and rebirths. And because of that, the Jeevatma has accumulated countless Punya and Paap from its countless lives, and in accordance with that, it gets births in 84 lakh yonis of Jeevas. And in every birth, it is haunted by the Taapatrayam, (Adhyaatmik, Aadibhautik and Aadidaivik Taapams). (рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рдЬрдиреНрдо рджреБрд░рдиреНрддрддрд╛рдкрддреНрд░рдп рджрд╛рд╡рд╛рдирд▓ рджрд╣реНрдпрдорд╛рдирд╛) The Jeevatma burns in the fires of the Taapatrayam. (рдЕрдирд╛рджрд┐рдХрд╛рд▓рдВ рд╕рдВрд╕рд░рдиреНрдд:) Although, the Jeevatma is travelling in this Samsaara saagara through many and many births, because it lacks knowledge of previous lives, it lives in the Samsaara without any remorse that it has lost so many opportunities that Bhagavan has provided. (рддрддреНрд░ рд╕рдВрд╕рд╛рд░реЗ рд╢реЛрдХрд░рд╣рд┐рддрд╛) Thus, without any remorse, the Jeevatma is getting the seven states of: being in the womb, taking birth, baalyakaala (child age), yuvavastha (youth), vriddhavastha (old age), Maranaa (death) and going to the Naraka. The Jeevatma goes through these seven states again and again. (рд╕рдВрд╕рд╛рд░рд╕рд╛рдЧрд░реЗ рдордЧреНрдирд╛ рд╡реНрдпрд╛рдХреБрд▓рд╛рднрд╡рдиреНрддрд┐) And thus experiencing this Dukh-Parampara, the Jeevatma drowns in the Samsaara Saagara and becomes Vyaakula (restless).
(Seeing that anartha i.e., the misuse of the body by Jeevatma to get material happiness, experiencing the samsaaric vishayaas; and the boat that Bhagavan has provided to get to the shore of the ocean is being used to get more drowned in the Samsaara Sagara, Bhagavan dissolves the creation (pralaya) to stop the Vasana and ruchi, being the well-wisher of everyone.)
Seeing this anartha (misfortune), Bhagavan who is suhrida* to all the jeevatmas, creates the sansara for their ujjivanam (revival). Seeing that the Jeevatma is trapped in this Samsaara Chakra, as a result of their own karmas, seeing its plight across births, the kripa/mercy evolvesin the heart of Bhagavan Vishnu.
(*Suhrida: Sobhana aashamsi hridayam yasya sah, One who wishes welfare of all is called Suhrida
kaapi kripa: Some kripa, for which the reason isn’t known/ ahaituki kripa)
And thus, out of the endless compassion that has taken birth in the heart of Bhagavan, He looks at the Jeevatma at his birth (рдЬрд╛рдпрдорд╛рди рдХрдЯрд╛рдХреНрд╖рдореН). When Bhagwan looks at the Jeevatma, out of his compassion; the Jeevatma becomes Saatvika in nature and thus a Mumukshu (one who desires Moksha). (Prerequisite for becoming a mumukshu is sattva gunam). (рдирд┐рд░рд╕реНрддрд░рдЬрд╕реНрддрдорд╕реНрдХрд╕реНрдп рдкреНрд░рд╡реГрджреНрдзрд╕рддреНрд╡рд╕реНрдп) Thus the Rajas and Tamas Gunas of the Jeevatma vanishes and the Sattva Guna increases.
(рдореБрдореБрдХреНрд╖реЛрд╢реНрдЪреЗрддрдирд╕реНрдп рддрддреНрд╡рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдиреЗрди рд╡рд┐рдирд╛ рдореЛрдХреНрд╖рд╛рд╕рд┐рджреНрдзреЗрдГ) For such mumukshus, getting Moksha is not possible without tattva Gnanam. Tattva Gnanam can be attained by two means, by Shaashtras or Upadeshas of Sadacharyas.
The knowledge, which is achieved from the Shaashtras, gives lots of Klesha/Dukham (pains) and can even make mind Chanchala (volatile), as the Shaashtras are huge, and our intellect is very limited. It takes a lot of time to understand the Shaashtras, while we have very limited time in our lifespan. (People who learn the shastras by themselves and interpret their own meanings, Mamunigal calls them ‘MURKHAS’ in Upadesha Ratnamalai. ) However, when we receive the knowledge through Upadeshas, we get the Shaashtra Gnana without any Klesha and Dosha. (Knowledge earned through shastras are like self-earned money and knowledge gained from upadeshams are like money inherited from parents).
Considering the low intellect of the jeevatmaas and infinite obstructions,. (e.g, without Upanayanam, one cannot study Vedas), it is difficult for everyone to attain the knowledge. Stree or Shudras cannot study Vedas. Even only a handful of Dwijas are qualified to study Vedas because many have given up their daily rituals for worldly pursuits. Even for them as well, who have undergone Upanayanam, the Shashtra Gnana is really difficult to comprehend.
When the Gnana is received through Upadesha, from a Sadacharya, all these obstructions vanish.
Shri Lokacharya Swami, who is an expert in all the Shaashtras and is highly compassionate, explains these tattvas, which is difficult to understand from Shruti, Smriti, Itihasas or Puranas, for the benefit of the Jeevatmas of the Lokas.
The Chit-tattva, the Achit-tattva and the Ishwar-tattva are explained in great details in this Shaashtra. Krishnapaad Suri (Vadakku Tiruveethi Pillai) and Krishnapaada Suri (Periya Achchaan Pillai) has also given the same meanings in the prabandhaas authored by them.
Isn’t the writing up of so many prabandhas by the acharyas, who have no self-ego, are not desirous of fame, and wish the welfare of everyone, unwanted? As one prabandha (book) itself is enough, what’s the need for them to write separate granthas?
The doubt is not right. Saying the meaning from the same throat by so many divine suris (Alwars) proves the authenticity of the subject. Acharyas have also said the same concept about the same throat in different granthas.
The reason for the emphasis on the same concept in different granthas by the different acharyas is to bring faith to the low-intellect people in the subject matter. Also, some acharyas have written something in brief, while others have written it in detail. Some acharyas have explained the concept in the light of some particular mantras or pasurams, while others have explained it using another set of mantras and pasurams.
Thus, it’s proper by many acharyas to author different works on the same concept.
She (Radha)is directly Goddess Mah─Б-Lakс╣гm─л and Lord Kс╣Ыс╣гс╣Зa is Lord N─Бr─Бyaс╣Зa. O best of sages, there is not the slightest difference between Them.
Tattva Trayam, also known as ‘Laghu-SriBhashya’, an introduction to the Vishishtadvaita Vedanta is a magnum opus of the great acharya of the satsampradaya : Srimad Lokacharya swami.
Salutation to the great preceptor, Lokacharya, son of Krishnapada, and Saviour of those stung by the deadly serpent of Samsara!
The grantha has extensive commentary by Srimad Varavar muni swami (Manwala mamunigal), which brings about the real import of the rahasya grantha.
Salutation to Manavala Mahamuni, the repository of Srishailesha’s grace, the ocean of devotion and other auspicious qualities and the very personification of love for Ramanuja, the prince among ascetics!
The grantha and its commentary, originally in Tamil was translated into sanskrit by Rangacharya swami (Ranga Deshika) and translated into english by S, SATYAMURTHI AYYANGAR swami.
that is, knowledge of the Tattvas (fundamental truths or principles) is essential for attaining salvation (moksha). This is a creed to which all Vedantins subscribe. The aspirant to Moksha should, therefore, acquire a knowledge of ‘Tattvatraya’, the three fundamental truths or principles or entities, as the word Tattva’ could be interpreted, at the time of attaining salvation. The three entities are
(1) Chit (Sentient beings);
(2) Achit (non-sentient matter) and
(3) Eswara (The Lord).
No doubt, it is rightly held that even sub-human species such as animals; birds and the immobile trees etc., totally devoid of the capacity to know these truths, can attain salvation if only they had the good fortune to come in contact with a Sri Vaishnava and be graced by Him. There is, however, no inconsistency in this, inasmuch as the possession of the knowledge in question is enjoined on the Sri Vaishnava and it is only the contact with a person so qualified, which will be fruitful.
But then, it might be asked in the light of the Upanishadic text ‘Tamevam vidwan amirta iha bhavati, nanyah pantha ayanaya vidyate‘ (рддрдореЗрд╡рдВ рд╡рд┐рджреНрд╡рд╛рдирдореГрдд рдЗрд╣ рднрд╡рддрд┐ ред рдирд╛рдиреНрдпрдГ рдкрдиреНрдерд╛ рдЕрдпрдирд╛рдп рд╡рд┐рджреНрдпрддреЗ рее), whether knowledge of Godhead alone would not suffice and where exactly is the compulsion to know all the three principles? The point to be emphasised here is that the Lord is to be comprehended as different from the other two entities, namely, sentient souls and non-sentient matter, pervading them, supporting and controlling them as the supreme Ordainer and Master of them all. In fact, it is this very Upanishad, which says “Bhokta bhogyam preritaram cha matva jushtastatastena amritatvameti” (рднреЛрдХреНрддрд╛ рднреЛрдЧреНрдпрдВ рдкреНрд░реЗрд░рд┐рддрд╛рд░рдВ рдЪ рдорддреНрд╡рд╛ рдЬреБрд╖реНрдЯрд╕реНрддрддрд╕реНрддреЗрдирд╛рдореБрддрддреНрд╡рдореЗрддрд┐ ред), Here Bhokta refers to the sentient soul. bhogyam’ is non-sentient matter and Prerita denotes the Lord (Eswara). Well, these are the three entities, whose detailed knowledge one ought to possess for attaining salvation.
рдкрдВрдЪрд╡рд┐рдВрд╢реЛрд╜рдпрдВ рдкреБрд░реБрд╖рдГ ред тАв рдкрдЮреНрдЪрд╡рд┐рдВрд╢ рдЖрддреНрдорд╛ рднрд╡рддрд┐ ред
рднреВрддрд╛рдирд┐ рдЪ рдХрд╡рд░реНрдЧреЗрдг рдЪрд╡рд░реНрдЧреЗрд░реНрдгреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛рдгрд┐ рдЪред рдЯрд╡рд░реНрдЧреЗрдг рддрд╡рд░реНрдЧреЗрдг рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдирдЧрдиреНрджрдзрд╛рдпрд╕реНрддрдерд╛ ред рдордирдГ рдкрдХрд╛рд░реЗрдгреИрд╡реЛрдХреНрддрдВ рдлрдХрд╛рд░реЗрдг рддреНрд╡рд╣рдВрдХреГрддрд┐рдГ ред рдмрдХрд╛рд░реЗрдг рднрдХрд╛рд░реЗрдг рдорд╣рд╛рдиреН рдкреНрд░рдХреГрддрд┐рд░реБрдЪреНрдпрдиреЗ ред рдЖрддреНрдорд╛ рддреБ рд╕ рдордХрд╛рд░рдг рдкрдЮреНрдЪрд╡рд┐рдВрд╢рдГ рдкреНрд░рдХреАрд░реНрддрд┐рддрдГ ред
рдкрдЮреНрдЪрднреВрддрд╛рддреНрдордХреЗ рджреЗрд╣реЗ рджреЗрд╣реА рдореЛрд╣рддрдореЛрд╡реГрддрдГ ред рдЕрд╣рдВ рдордореИрддрджрд┐рддреНрдпреБрдЪреНрдЪреИрдГ рдХреБрд░реБрддреЗ рдХреБрдорддрд┐рд░реНрдорддрд┐рдореН рее
рдЖрдХрд╛рд╢рд╡рд╛рдпреНрд╡рдЧреНрдирд┐рдЬрд▓рдкреГрдерд┐рд╡реАрднреНрдпрдГ рдкреГрдердХреН рд╕реНрдерд┐рддреЗ ред рдЕрдирд╛рддреНрдордиреНрдпрд╛рддреНрдорд╡рд┐рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдирдВ рдХрдГ рдХрд░реЛрддрд┐ рдХрд▓реЗрд╡рд░реЗ редред
“Chit” (sentient beings) refers to the individual souls. The essential nature of the individual soul is as indicated below: It is distinct from the body, the sense-organs, the mind, the breath and the intellect. It has an inherent sense of awareness and is blissful, and eternal. It is of the size of an atom, unmanifest to the senses, non-comprehensible in the sense that it cannot be thought of like matter, organ-less and immutable. It is the substratum of knowledge and is directed and supported by the Lord to whom it is subservient.
The soul is held to be different from the body, mind, senses etc., because the soul is the subject-matter of the word ‘I’ (aham) while all the rest are referred to as its possessions and/or attributes, as ‘My body’, ‘My mind’, ‘My sense’, etc., bringing out the distinction between the possessor and the objects possessed, even as ‘My father’, ‘My son’, would indicate the father as different from the son. And then, the possessions are denoted by the word ‘This’ or ‘These‘ and the soul by the word ‘I’.
At this stage, it might be argued that because the soul is referred to as ‘I’, the expressions ‘I am stout‘, I am lean‘ could also refer to a stout/lean soul. This doubt is resolved by interpreting these expressions as ‘I have a stout/lean body‘, the quality of being stout or lean being that of the body and not of the soul, even as ‘I am a man’, ‘I am a Deva‘ would mean ‘I have a human/celestial body‘. Further, the soul’s conciousness of a stout or a lean body enveloping it subsists only during the wakeful period and not during sleep when the conciousness of the body altogether disappears. Again, birth marks the appearance of the body and death, its disappearance, whereas the soul is an everlasting single entity and therefore it is, that one could claim, ‘This is the result of the deeds performed by me in a previous birth’, The soul, is thus comprehended as different from the body etc. Even assuming that there are limitations and/or shortcomings in intellectual reasonings of the kind, the scriptures come to our aid in pinpointing the soul as an entity apart from the body etc.
The essential nature of the individual soul has been set out earlier (aphorism 2). Now, the several attributes mentioned therein are being elaborated upon, one by one.
By the soul’s native sense of awareness is meant that it is in a position to project or manifest itself, unaided by external knowledge; in other words, the soul is self-luminous (swayam-prakaash), even as (deepa) light reveals itself and does not need another to reveal it.
When it is said that the soul is of the form of bliss, it means that by itself, the soul is blissful or delectable. To understand this calls for no special effort or the aid of the scriptures. When a person who wakes up after a spell of sleep, says ‘I slept happily’, the happiness in question should obviously be assigned to the soul which, during sleep, has no contact whatsoever with anything external. To stretch it to mean that the person slept so as to produce happiness afterwards would amount to going beyond the meaning of the words in the statement I slept happily’. Such an interpretation would be as perverse as explaining, “I sang sweetly” to mean I sang so as to produce sweetness afterwards? Does it mean anything but that the singing itself was sweet and sweetness was a concurrent experience of the singer as distinguished from something produced or experienced after the singing was over?
Also c.f. “рдирд┐рд░реНрд╡рд╛рдгрдордп рдПрд╡рд╛рдпрдореН рдЖрддреНрдорд╛””(nirvanamaya evayam atma) “рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдирд╛рдирдиреНрджрдордпрд╕реНрддреНрд╡рд╛рддреНрдорд╛” (gnanananda-mayas tvatma), “рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдирд╛рдирд╛рдиреНрджреИрдХрд▓рдХреНрд╖рдгрдореН”(gnananandaika-lakshana)”” etc.
The soul exists at all times, and that is why it is said to be ‘eternal’. To the query why then there is birth as well as death, the answer is: birth only means association of the soul with the body and death means disintegration of the body or dissociation of the soul from the body. It is the body that comes and goes while the soul stays on forever.
‘Na jayate mriyate va vipaschit’ рди рдЬрд╛рдпрддреЗ рдореНрд░рд┐рдпрддреЗ рд╡рд╛ рд╡рд┐рдкрд╢реНрдЪрд┐рддреН ред (Gita II-20).
How is the soul considered to be atomic in size? It has been stated in the scriptures that the soul is located in the region of the heart, then leaves it, goes to the upper worlds and then comes down. Hence the soul is understood to be of the size of an atom. The relevant scriptural texts, such as Utkrantigatyagateenaam (рдЙрддреНрдХрд╛рдиреНрддрд┐рдЧрддреНрдпрд╛рдЧрддрд┐рдирд╛рдореН) of Brahma-sutra, need be referred to in this context.
Well, if the soul is merely of the size of an atom and stays in the cardiac region, how does it experience, all at once, pain and pleasure, from head to foot, (i.e.) all over the body?
Such an experience of the atom-sized soul, seated in the heart, is due to the permeation, all over, of its inherent attributive knowledge, from where it is seated. This is like the dispersal, in different directions, of the rays of the gem, the Sun and the lamp, located in a particular place. c.f. Brahma sutra ‘gunadva alokavat’ (рдЧреБрдгрджреНрд╡рд╛ рдЕрд╡рд▓реЛрдХрд╡рддреН (рдмреНрд░рд╣реНрдо-рд╕реВрддреНрд░)) and the commentary thereof in ‘Sribhashya. Apart from this experience of a pervasive knowledge inside the same body, even the simultaneous assumption of a number of bodies by one and the same individual, as Sage Saubhari did, is achieved only by this very process, namely pervasion of the soul’s attributive knowledge.
7. рдЕрд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрддреНрд╡рдВ рдирд╛рдо рдШрдЯрдкрдЯрд╛рджрд┐рдЧреНрд░рд╛рд╣рд┐рдЪрдХреНрд╖реБрд░рд╛рджреНрдпрд╜рдЧреНрд░рд╛рд╣реНрдпрддреНрд╡рдореН ред
The soul is unmanifest, that is, it cannot be apprehended by the sense-organs of sight, etc., in just the same way as they apprehend pots, clothes, etc. The soul can be apprehended only by the mind. It is, however, not on a par with the mythical sky-borne lotus, [the horse’s horns, or the son of a barren woman, which too cannot be comprehended by the sense-organs, because these things just do not exist.
The soul cannot be thought of, as belonging to the same class or category as the non-sentient things. c.f. ‘avyaktoyam achintyoyam’-Gita II-25. рдЕрд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддреЛрд╜рдпрдо рдЕрдЪрд┐рдиреНрддреНрдпреЛрд╜рдпрдо (рдЧреАрддрд╛ реи.реирел)
The soul is not an assemblage of parts-like the material things. It has no parts or limbs but is made up solely of knowledge. (vignanamayah). ( рд╡рд┐рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдирдордпрдГ ).
The soul is immutable, that is, non-changing. Unlike the non-sentient matter, which undergoes modifications in form and size, the soul remains in one and the same state and does not undergo changes. c.f. ‘avikaryah ayamuchyate’- (рдЕрд╡рд┐рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпреЛрд╜рдпрдореБрдЪреНрдпрддреЗред) Gita II-25. The soul is denoted by the word ‘akshara’- the non-changing.
11.рдПрд╡рдВрд╕реНрдерд┐рддрддреНрд╡рд╛рдЪреНрдЫрд╕реНрддреНрд░рд╛рдЧреНрдирд┐рдЬрд▓рд╡рд╛рддрд╛рддрдкрдкреНрд░рднреГрддрд┐рднрд┐рд╢реНрдЫреЗрджрдирджрд╣рдирдХреНрд▓реЗрджрдирд╢реЛрд╖рдгрд╛рджреАрдирд╛рдордпреЛрдЧреНрдпрдореН ред
The soul being as described above, it is beyond the mischief of sharp instruments, fire, water, air, etc. Instruments shall not cleave it, fire cannot burn it, wer cannot drench it, nor can air dry it or the Sun wither it out. c.f. Gita (II-23-24).
The Jains hold that the soul is of the size of the body, so as to account for the soul’s experience of pain and pleas in different parts of it. But this is at variance with the Vedic texts which declare the soul as ‘akshara’ (i.e.), non-changing- (amritaksharm harah; рдЕрдореГрддрд╛рдХреНрд╖рд░рдВ рд╣рд░рдГ) and atomic in size- (Eshonuratma; рдПрд╕реЛрд╜рдгреБрд░рд╛рддреНрдорд╛) Valagra-sathabhagasya’ (рдмрд╛рд▓рдЧреНрд░рд╢рддрднрд╛рдЧрд╕реНрдп рд╢рддрдзрд╛ рдХрд▓реНрдкрд┐рддрд╕реНрдп рдЪред рднрд╛рдЧреЛ рдЬреАрд╡рд╕реНрдп рд╡рд┐рдЬреНрдЮреЗрдпрдГ) etc.
Again, the soul, according to its dessert (fruits of its actions) acquires the body of an elephant or of an ant. If the soul should be co-extensive and co-expansive with the body it takes on, from time to time, it has to alternately bloat up to the enormous size of an elephant or shrink down to the size of the tiny ant, which sounds ludicrous indeed. Further, this view will not accord with the essential nature of the Sages and Yogis, who, by dint of their special attainments, assume different forms at different times. It would be nothing short of fantastic to imagine their expanding or being cut to size, to fit in with the different bodies they assume. This has been refuted, at great length in Sribhashya.
The soul is the substratum of knowledge, that is, the repository or seat of knowledge. The Upanishads say that the soul is knowledge itself and is also the seat of knowledge. This is like unto the light and its source, the lamp, both of which are bright. That the soul is the residence of knowledge is supported by Vedic texts such as Vignataramare kena vijaneeyat’, ‘Janatyevayam purushah’ (рд╡рд┐рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рддрд╛рд░рдорд░реЗ рдХреЗрди рд╡рд┐рдЬрд╛рдиреАрдпрд╛рддреН, рдЬрд╛рдирд╛рддреНрдпреЗрд╡рд╛рдпрдВ рдкреБрд░реБрд╖рдГ) etc.
If, however, the soul is ‘only knowledge’ and not its source, as Buddhists and certain others hold, the expression ‘I know’ has no meaning or relevance and it should be reshaped as ‘I am knowledge‘. But expressions such as ‘I have grasped this meaning‘, ‘I quite follow this‘, etc., are very much in vogue. This means, the individual soul is receptive to all that knowledge.
And where it is said that the individual soul is the knower, it should be deemed to have been said, by implication, that the soul is also the Agent (Doer) for the acts of commission and omission flowing from such knowledge and the Experiencer of the fruits of those acts.
The Sankhyas say that the doership vests only in the Gunas (Sathva, Rajas and Tamas), the components of prakriti (non-sentiment matter) and not in the individual soul, who however, tastes the fruits of the deeds.
This cuts across the obligation of the individual soul to obey the dictates of the scriptures; the soul experiencing the fruits of the acts committed by the Gunas, for which the individual is not responsible, would be meaningless and irrational. The scriptures (Sastras) are those that ordain by instilling the requisite knowledge to do certain acts and to refrain from doing certain others. This knowledge can be imparted only to the knowledgeable individual and not to the inert matter, which is devoid of the faculty of perception and understanding. The dictates of the Sastras, which are in the form of ‘Do’s (Do this, that and the other) and ‘Dont’s (Don’t de this that and the other) can hardly be addressed to the prakriti (gunas) which are nonsentient. He who enjoys the fruits such as going to swarga o: ascending the heavens ought to be the doer, to merit those fruits. c.f. Swarga-kamo Yajeta’, Mumukshuh Brahma upaseeta’ etc. ( рд╕реНрд╡рд░реНрдЧрдХрд╛рдореЛ рдпрдЬреЗрдд, рдореБрдореБрдХреНрд╖реБрдГ рдмреНрд░рд╣реНрдореЛрдкрд╛рд╕реАрдд ред) The Sankhya concept is opposed to the teachings of Gita (13.21). c.f.
This theme has been elaborated in the Sribhashya while commenting on the Brahma Sutra 2.3 ‘Karta Sastrarthavattvat’. (рдХрд░реНрддрд╛рд╢рд╛рд╕реНрддреНрд░рд╛рд░реНрдерд╡рддреНрддреНрд╡рд╛рддреН )
17. рд╕рд╛рдВрд╕рд╛рд░рд┐рдХрдкреНрд░рд╡реГрддреНрддрд┐рд╖реБ рдХрд░реНрддреГрддреНрд╡рдВ рди рд╕реНрд╡рд░реВрдкрдкреНрд░рдпреБрдХреНрддрдордкрд┐рддреБ рдЧреБрдгрд╕рдВрд╕рд░реНрдЧрдХреГрддрдореН . рдХрд░реНрддреГрддреНрд╡рдВ рдЪреЗрд╢реНрд╡рд░рд╛рдзреАрдирдореН ред
Having established that the doership belongs to the individual soul, will all, that he does, be in keeping with his essential nature? No, whatever he does in regard to the enjoyment of wordly pleasures, he does under the influence of, rather, in association with the Gunas. c.f. ‘Prakrteh Kriyamanhani gunhaih karmanj Karta ahamiti manyate’.
The question posed next is whether the agency (action) of the individual is dependent on the Lord or independent of Him. As knower (gnata), doer (karta) and enjoyer (bhokta) the individual soul possesses a consciousness, which expresses itself in such states as thinking (gnana) desiring (chikeersha) and striving (prayatna).
But these states are controlled by the Lord without whose assent, the thin- king etc., cannot blossom into action. The individual doership is, therefore, dependent on the Lord.
At this stage, a doubt might arise as to why, in that case, the individual should at all be affected by the merits and demerits of such acts. The freedom to act is no doubt the Lord’s gift to the individual soul as to enable the latter to utilise it for his good. The Lord as the ‘Antaryaml’, the universal controller residing inside every soul, remains neutral or passively quiescent in regard to the initial effort of the individual in the exercise of this gift of freedom of action. Thereafter, the Lord not only watches approvingly the progress of the individual and makes him prosper in his earnest endeavours (i.e.) those which con- form to the scriptural injunctions, but also infuses in him, in an ever-increasing measure, the relish for doing good acts. On the other hand, when the individual moves in the retrograde direction, the Lord visits on him His displeasure and disapproval in the form of punishments (sorrows and sufferings), thereby giving him a chance to correct himself and tread the right path.
If the soul is the sub-stratum or seat of knowledge, why is it mentioned in the scriptures as knowledge? ‘Yo vignane’, ‘vignanam yagnam tanute’ рдпреЛ рд╡рд┐рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдиреЗ рддрд┐рд╖реНрдардиреН, ‘рд╡рд┐рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдирдВ рдпрдЬреНрдЮ рддрдиреБрддреЗ’, etc. As explained earlier, the soul is able to project itself, unaided by external knowledge. Even as knowledge is self-revealing and makes other things known, the soul is self-luminous knowledge as well as the possessor of attributive knowledge, which makes other things known. Hence it is denoted as knowledge (рдзрд░реНрдо рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рди); c.f. the lamp and the light it throws all round, both of which are luminous.
The Lord, who pervades all things that exist, rules and guides them all, by being the support, the ground and substance of all existence. By the soul’s subservience (рд╢реЗрд╖рддреНрд╡рдВ) to the Lord is implied that he should endear himself to the Lord like flowers, sandal paste, betel leaves etc., to be used by Him and His devotees, as they please. Unlike the houses, lands, the son, the wife, estates, household servants etc., belonging to a person staying apart from him and capable of being known independently, the soul’s subservience to the Lord should be like that of one’s body, incapable of existing and being known independently.
The individual souls at the different levels of unfoldment fall under three categories, namely
(i) those still in bondage (baddhas), caught up in the terrific involvement of birth and death;
(ii) those liberated from bondage and residing in the High Heavens, the land whence there is no returning (Muktas); this category also embraces those released from the bondage of sansara but, who prefer to remain isolated in enjoyment of their own selves, (Kevalas); and
(iii) the ever-free celestials (Nitya soories) like Adi Sesha, Garuda and Vishvaksena, who never passed through the gruelling mill of samsara with its involvement in the cycle of births and deaths.
The soul, with its inherent qualities of bliss and intelligence, got entangled in the bondage of samsara, engulfed by ignorance (avidya), the fruits of actions, good and bad (karma), impressed tendency (vasana) and predilections (ruchi), owing to its contact with the non-sentient matter, the seat of the three or gunas (Sattva, Rajas and Tamas). This is similar to water, which is cool by itself, on acquiring heat and sound, when it gets into a vessel kept on fire. The superimposed ignorance etc., will, therefore, clear off when the soul is dissociated from the non-sentient matter and its components.
Innumerable are the souls of each of the three categories, referred to above. But then some (the Advaitins) say that there is no distinction among souls and actually, there is only one soul. If this be correct, when one person enjoys pleasure, another should not feel pain. It is, however, seen that, when some enjoy pleasures, others are afflicted by pain and sufferings. The distinction between the souls has, therefore, to be admitted.
The argument that the varying experiences are incidental to the assumption of different bodies by the same soul, will not also hold water, seeing that Sage Saubhari who assumed fifty bodies all at once and married fifty princesses did not have such alternating experience simultaneously, despite his ubiquitous appearance in different bodies. If there is no distinction between souls and one and the same soul is manifest in different bodies, one should not be bogged down the throes of Samsara while another attains salvation; one cannot be a teacher imparting instructions and another, a disciple receiving instructions; so on, and so forth, pitted in diametrically opposite situations. Nor could there be such a vast range of unequal creations. a motley crowd as Devas, men, beasts etc., some moulded in felicity and others hurled in misery.
Further, the concept of a single soul, that is, oneness of the soul comes into conflict with the scriptures, which declare the multiplicity of souls. Svetasvatara upanishad (VI-13) says that the Lord Who is the Eternal among the eternals, the Intelligent among the intelligent, singly fulfills the desires of the many :-
It would not be correct to hold that the scriptures refer only to the differences due to the limiting adjuncts, inasmuch as the differences persist even on the yonder side of heaven, in the state of salvation. Cf. ‘Sada pasyanti Soorayah’ ( рд╕рджрд╛ рдкрд╢реНрдпрдиреНрддрд┐ рд╕реВрд░рдпрдГ), the word underlined being in plural number, denoting the numerous beholders of the Lord in heaven. No doubt, so far as the liberated souls are concerned, differences such as those obtaining on this side of heaven, namely, humans, devas, etc., do not exist; nor are they differentiated by passions like anger, lust, etc. Despite this kind of parity in their essential nature their multiplicity is a pronounced fact, in the same way as that of several gold pots, gems, or grains of rice of the same quality, weight and size. The multiplicity of the individual souls is thus established, both by reasoning and the authority of the scriptures.
It will be seen from the essential nature of the individual soul, set out in aphorism 4 ante, that there are some features which differentiate the individual soul from Matter and certain others, which differentiate the soul from the Lord.
There are also certain features common to (i) the individual soul and Matter and (ii) the individual soul and the Lord. A common characteristic of all the three entities is that they are all eternal. Being controlled and supported by the Lord and being dependent on Him are common to the individual soul and Matter. Bliss, intelligence, being unmanifest to the senses, non-comprehensibility, non- changeability are all properties common to the Lord and the individual soul. The unique attribute of the individual soul, that stamps it out exclusively from the other two entities is, however, its knowledge (gnatrutva) harnessed to depence (Seshatva) on the Lord. Knowledge is common to both the soul and the Lord, while dependence on the Lord is common to both the soul and Matter. It is only dependence-based or dependence-oriented knowledge that is the characteristic attribute of the soul.
Although (*) above, depicts the natural tendency of knowledge, the actual position is that the knowledge of only some (the ever-free Nityasoorics) remains infinite at all times, the knowledge of the bound souls is not infinite at any time but very much contracted, while the knowledge of the ‘Released’ souls (Muktas) is infinite at certain times (i.e.), after Liberation from the bondage of Samsara and contracted at other times, that is, in the pre-liberation period.
If knowledge is eternal, as stated a little earlier, how is one to appreciate statements such as ‘knowledge has dawned on me’ and ‘ knowledge is extinct’? It needs to be clarified that, on attaining salvation, the knowledge of the individual becomes infinite and is thus capable of comprehending everything (Sarvam ha pasyah pasyati), (Sa chanantyaya kalpate) рд╕рд░реНрд╡рдВ рд╣ рдкрд╢реНрдпрдГ рдкрд╢реНрдпрддрд┐, рд╕ рдЪрд╛рдирдиреНрддреНрдпрд╛рдп рдХрд▓реНрдкрддреЗ. But, while in a state of bondage, knowledge gets alternately contracted and expanded, according to the incidence of Karma’ and its productivity and the nature of comprehension through the sense-organs. The knowledge that is apprehended through the sense-organs, though in effect, one and the same, appears to have different facets, relative to the particular sense-organ employed-seeing, hearing, tasting, etc., and the knowledge of form, sound, taste, respectively, projected thereby.
The attributive knowledge of the soul is treated as a substance because it is (i) the sub-stratum of actions like contraction and expansion, (ii) the sub-stratum of qualities like conjunction and disjunction and (iii) self-luminous (ajada). C.f. ‘Kriyasrayo dravyam’ (рдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛рд╢реНрд░рдпреЛ рджреНрд░рд╡реНрдпрдореН) gunasrayo dravyam’ (рдЧреБрдгрд╛рд╢реНрд░рдпреЛ рджреНрд░рд╡реНрдпрдореН), ‘gnanam dravyam ajadatvat, yat ajadatvavat tat dravyam’. (рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдирдВ рджреНрд░рд╡реНрдпрдореН, рдЕрдЬрдбрддреНрд╡рд╛рддреН, рдпрддреН рдЕрдЬрдбрддреНрд╡рд╡рддреН рддрддреН рджреНрд░рд╡реНрдпрдореН ред)
Knowledge, though self-luminous (ajada), does not manifest itself during deep slumber, swoon, etc., because there is no scope for it to spread, there being nothing to be comprehended then.
Let us examine why this knowledge is said to be blissful. It is blissful when it reveals the objects comprehended by it. A doubt might instantly arise whether it is so, in all cases, and whether, for example, comprehension of objects like poison, lethal weapons, etc., is not terrifying. This is resolved by pointing out that such a feeling is due to lack of correct perspective on the part of the individual, whose vision is blurred, being bound over by his ‘Karma’. He suffers from the illusory notion that the body is the soul and fails to perceive the Lord’s immanence in all things that exist-jagat sarvam sareeram te’, (рдЬрдЧрддреНрд╕рд░реНрд╡рдВ рд╢рд░реАрд░рдВ рддреЗ)‘tani sarvani tad-vapuh’ (рддрд╛рдирд┐ рд╕рд░реНрд╡рд╛рдгрд┐ рддрджреНрд╡рдкреБ:). Due to their association with the Lord, who is the soul of all substances, all of them should naturally be desirable and if, however, they are apprehended differently by different persons, the defect lies not in the things themselves but in the individuals, because of their limitations. But then, it might be asked whether a thing is not desirable by itself, irrespective of its association with the Lord (e.g.), Sandal paste, flowers, etc. The answer is: One man’s food is another man’s poison; the very things, which are relished by an individual, at certain times and in particular places, are eschewed by him at other times and at other places. So then, this is not the natural state of things. All substances forming the bodies of the Lord are inherently sweet and desirable and, viewed in this correct perspective, knowledge is blissful, when it reveals the objects comprehended by it. This is clearly brought out in the following sloka of Sri Vishnu Purana:
(1) Indispensability of the knowledge of Tattvatraya, the three fundamental truths, to the Mumukshu’, the aspirant to Moksha’ (Salvation);
(2) The three fundamental truths (principles or entities) namely, (a) Sentient beings (Chit), (b) non-sentient matter (achit) and (c) The Lord (Easvara);
3) The essential nature and attributes of the sentient beings (individual (souls);
(4) Multiplicity of the individual souls-refutation of the argument that a single soul manifests itself through different bodies;”
(5) The unique characteristics of the individual soul;
(6) Difference between the essential nature of the soul and its attributive knowledge;
(7) The three categories of souls and the disparities in their standards of knowledge; and
(8) Elucidation of the self-luminosity and blissfulness of knowledge.